昆明和北京两幢建筑物表面热力效应的观测对比

利用昆明、北京两座城市内建筑物为研究对象, 对其不同朝向外墙壁面、屋顶面表面温度及壁面近旁气温进行了观测, 分析了建筑物外墙壁面表面温度及其近旁气温的垂直分布以及壁面、屋顶对周围大气的热力效应特征, 并对两座城市内建筑物的热力状况进行了比较分析。研究表明:建筑物表面温度受太阳辐射的影响要比近旁气温大得多, 一般说来, 壁面昼间是热源, 夜间是热汇; 受研究对象所在的大区域气候、人类活动等影响, 建筑物外表面的热力效应有许多异同; 建筑物屋顶面与近旁空气间的平均热通量基本为正值, 呈现较强的热源效应, 其热力效应强度与太阳辐射呈现正相关; 城市建筑物的外表面 (壁面、屋顶面) 已成为城市区域内有别于城市地面, 且对城市立体气候的形成具有不可忽视影响的热力作用面。     

Simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Dongjiang River basin in South China using SWAT

Population growth, urbanization, and intensified agriculture have resulted in mobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus, which is the main cause of river water quality deterioration. Environmental regulation has expedited the necessity for agricultural producers to design and implement more environmentally suitable practices. Therefore, there is a need to identify critical nutrients and their loss/transport potential. Watershed model can be used to better understand the relationship between land use activities/management and hydrologic processes/water quality changes that occur within a watershed. The objective of the study is to test the performance of the SWAT model and the feasibility of using this model as a simulator of water flow and nitrogen and phosphorus yields over the Dongjiang River basin in South China. Spatial data layers of land slope, soil type, and land use were combined with geographic information system (GIS) to aid in creating model inputs. The observed streamflow and sediment at Boluo station in the Dongjiang River basin were used to calibrate and validate the model. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R ²≥0.6 and Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥0.5) except for underestimation of sediment peaks and overestimation of sediment valleys at Boluo. This study shows that SWAT is able to predict streamflow, sediment generation, and nutrients transport with satisfactory results.     

应用物质平衡模型模拟一个半封闭海湾的营养结构和能流特征

The marine ecosystem of the Jiaozhou Bay has degraded significantly in fisheries productivity and its ecological roles as spawning and nursery ground for many species of commercial importance has been declining in recent years. A mass-balanced trophic model was developed using Ecopath with Ecosim to evaluate the trophic structure of the Jiaozhou Bay for improving ecosystem management. The model were parameterized based on the fisheries survey data in the Jiaozhou Bay in 2011, including 23 species groups and one detritus group according to their ecological roles. The trophic levels of these ecological groups ranged from 1(primary producers and detritus) to4.3(large demersal fishes). The estimated total system throughput was 12 917.10 t/(km~2·a), with 74.59% and25.41% contribution of the total energy flows from phytoplankton and detritus, respectively. Network analyses showed that the overall transfer efficiency of the ecosystem was 14.4%, and the mean transfer efficiency was 14.5%for grazing food chain and 13.9% for detritus food chain. The system omnivory index(SOI), Finn's cycled index(FCI) and connectance index(CI) were relatively low in this area while the total primary production/total respiration(TPP/TR) was high, indicating an immature and unstable status of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem. Mixed trophic impact analysis revealed that the cultured shellfish had substantial negative impacts on most functional groups. This study contributed to ecosystem-level evaluation and management planning of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem.     

The oasis expansion and eco-environment change over the last 50 years in Manas River Valley, Xinjiang

As an elite region of human being’s residence and development, the oasis in arid areas fosters more than 90% of population, produces more than 95% of the industrial and agricultural value, although its acreage takes only 3%―5% of total arid areas[1,2]. In the last decades, the oasis exploitation, harnessing and pro-tecting regional eco-environment have been becomingone of key study objects in the sustainable develop-ment[3―7], as the global environment changes and re-gional environment becom…     

西双版纳海拔变化对水湿状况的影响

对西双版纳三个海拔梯度(570m、1105m、1610m)的水湿状况进行了3a的观测(2002~2004年)。随海拔上升,年平均降雨量增加,年平均相对湿度降低,总雾日数减少,年平均气温和水气压线性递减,降雨日数和蒸发量的变化相对较小。随海拔上升,雨季(5~10月)降雨量显著增加,但干季(11~4月)降雨量变化很小,其中在干热季节(3~4月)还会降低。雨季空气相对湿度随海拔上升而增加,但干季的情况却相反。在海拔570m,雾凉季节(11~2月)的雾日为100d,而海拔1105m和1610m,此时期的雾日都仅为6d。以上结果显示:在印度季风环境下,山地与低海拔的坝子相比,干湿季节交替更加明显,在山地上干季期间不存在雾凉季节,在雨季期间,热带山地雨林的水湿气候条件优于较低海拔的季节雨林,但干季山地雨林的水湿条件更差。     

利用双台脉动记录的相关系数估计福建地区瑞利面波的群速度

本文利用福建省数字地震监测台网中8个宽频带台站的速度型脉动记录,计算两两台站之间垂直分量的脉动在相同时间窗(窗长为5分钟)的相关系数,按照移动窗技术得到各个不重叠窗口的相关系数,并对其进行相干叠加,依此计算出两个台站之间瑞利面波的群速度及其在福建地区的空间分布。结果表明,叠加结果的信噪比随叠加次数的增加而增加,不同时间段叠加结果波形相似;峰值到时稳定,台风不会对结果产生明显影响;利用这个方法得到的福建地区周期约为3～5秒的瑞利面波群速度在2.9～3.1km/s之间,这和传统方法得到的瑞利面波的传播速度很接近。     

攀西地区生物资源开发的基础、障碍及对策

生物资源开发是加快攀西综合开发的战略决策。攀西生物资源得天独厚,生物资源的开发有良好的现实基础,是现阶段最有可能迅速从资源优势变为经济优势的产业。从思想观念、人才、技术、资金、机制等方面分析攀西生物资源开发的限制因素,提出了营造适合生物资源开发产业发展的环境、提升生物资源开发技术创新能力、建设高素质的人才队伍等对策。     

攀西地区区域创新能力及其建设

生物资源的开发与开发经区域的社会、经济、文化环境密不可分,可以说,自然资源和自然条件是生物资源不变的基础,而社会、经济、文化、行政等环境条件的灾害程度与自然创新能力是生物资源开发的支撑和保障。采用知识创造能力、知识流动能力、企业的技术创新能力、创新的环境、创新的经济绩效5个一级指标、23个二级指标、64个三级指标、78个四级指标建立区域创新能力的评价指标体系,对攀西区域创新能力进行了评估。结果表明:攀西地区除技术创新的经济绩效综合值较高外,其余指标相对都较低。攀西地区知识创造能力是最薄弱环节, 特别是凉山州,知识创新能力的综合值仅为7.99,不到四川省平均水平的一半,约为东部地区平均水平的1/4。知识流动、企业技术创新能力在攀西也十分落后。攀西地区创新能力与东中西部地区相比,差距也十分明显,除知识流动综合评价值、技术创新的经济绩效高于西部平均值、技术创新的经济绩效高于中部地区平均值外,其余方面都表现出很大的差距。针对差距从技术研发、成果推广、技术交易、风险投资、融资担保、人才交流、管理咨询、信息网络系统科技创新服务体系等方面提出了相应措施。     

山西地区分区近震走时表的编制与检验

主要以山西太原、大同、临汾３个遥测台网的记录，结合山西省内及邻省部分台站的地震观测资料，用勘探、爆破与测震方法得出山西地区地壳模型结构。用观测走时与理论走时对比，划分出６个区域，计算出＂山西地区近震走时表＂及＂山西南部地区近震走时表＂。检验结果表明，发震时刻、震中位置及深度等各项参数较Ｊ－Ｂ走时表均有极大的提高。经试用确认其适用于山西地区。     

哀牢山北段光资源特征初步分析

本文在分析哀牢山北段光资源随海拔和坡向变化特征时发现,与迎风西南坡比较,背风东北坡海拔1000—1900米处有一较强的年日照和太阳总幅射增加的焚风效应带,尤以海拔1500—1600米最明显,这有利于农业生产,但在>1900米处则相对较低。最后,给出日照与雨量的指数关系。