四川省遥感地质20年巡礼

在简述四川省遥感地质工作２０ 年发展情况之后,展示出我省现已积累了丰富的遥感信息源,较高的计算机图形图像处理技术和遥感应用技术水平,形成了一支强大的遥感应用专业队伍,并已取得了丰硕的遥感地质成果。综合运用遥感、地理信息系统、全球卫星定位系统,在未来的国土资源与生态地学调查中,遥感地学工作必将取得更大的发展。     

造岩矿物性质对岩体可破坏性的影响

工程地基的选址依据,本世纪中叶以前是地基范围内没有断裂,即避免断裂原则。６０年代以后,工程选址的条件由避免断裂转变为考察断裂是否活动。美国率先制定了工程地基范围内活动断裂指标规范,认为具有非活动性断裂的岩体上可以构筑大型工程。花岗岩体规模大,整体性好...     

冀西北张全庄金矿石英的矿物学特征

本文较为详尽地研究了张全庄金矿两种主要含矿石英（乳白色和烟灰色石英）的成分特征、气液包裹体成分特征及晶胞参数特征等,对比了两种石英含金性的差异及与上述各特征间的内在联系,在此基础上得出;烟灰色石英与乳白色石英具有不同的矿物学特征;张全庄金矿的成矿溶液为一种弱碱性、Ｎａ^＋－Ｃａ^２＋－ＳＯ型,属中（深）成、中（高）温热液型矿床．     

对“有软弱夹层土坡的复合滑动条分法”一文讨论的答复

“复合条分法”一文并不是想寻求一种精确的方法,仅仅是对工程界习惯采用的改良圆弧法,即土坝设计规范和有些土力字教课书中介绍的方法,作一些讨论,并提出改进的意见。较精确的方法,如摩根斯坦法已提出多年,但工程中还是习惯于用瑞典法或简化毕肖普法,遇有软弱夹层则用改良圆弧法。原因在于精确的方法形式上复杂,反而不如简单的方法易于推广。从这一点出发,该文仍以改良圆弧法为基础,稍加改进。     

五层原始方程模式套网格方案及初步试算结果

在上海台风研究所五层原始方程模式的基础上,本文设计了一个粗网格区域固定、细网格区域可变动的五层套网格方案,对交界域变量进行衔接,协调处理。实例计算表明,内区边界有较好的穿透性;细网格内区对气压系统的强度和形势预报均有所改善。      

A fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling and its applications

We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth's surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.     

Linearized amplitude variation with offset and azimuth and anisotropic poroelasticity

The normal-to-shear weakness ratio is commonly used as a fracture fluid indicator, but it depends not only on the fluid types but also on the fracture intensity and internal architecture. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth is commonly used to perform the fluid identification and fracture characterization in fractured porous rocks. We demonstrate a direct inversion approach to utilize the observable azimuthal data to estimate the decoupled fluid (fluid/porosity term) and fracture (normal and shear weaknesses) parameters instead of the calculation of normal-to-shear weakness ratio to help reduce the uncertainties in fracture characterization and fluid identification of a gas-saturated porous medium permeated by a single set of parallel vertical fractures. Based on the anisotropic poroelasticity and perturbation theory, we first derive a linearized amplitude versus offset and azimuth approximation using the scattering function to decouple the fluid indicator and fracture parameters. Incorporating Bayes formula and convolution theory, we propose a feasible direct inversion approach in a Bayesian framework to obtain the direct estimations of model parameters, in which Cauchy and Gaussian distribution are used for the a priori information of model parameters and the likelihood function, respectively. We finally use the non-linear iteratively reweighted least squares to solve the maximum a posteriori solutions of model parameters. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, and the real data illustrates the stabilities of estimated fluid indicator and dry fracture parameters in gas-saturated fractured porous rocks.     

Three-dimensional arbitrarily anisotropic modeling for time-domain airborne electromagnetic surveys

Electrically anisotropic strata are abundant in nature, so their study can help our data interpretation and our understanding of the processes of geodynamics. However, current data processing generally assumes isotropic conditions when surveying anisotropic structures, which may cause discrepancies between reality and electromagnetic data interpretation. Moreover, the anisotropic interpretation of the time-domain airborne electromagnetic (TDAEM) method is still confined to one dimensional (1D) cases, and the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations are still in development. In this study, we expanded the 3D TDAEM modeling of arbitrarily anisotropic media. First, through coordinate rotation of isotropic conductivity, we obtained the conductivity tensor of an arbitrary anisotropic rock. Next, we incorporated this into Maxwell’s equations, using a regular hexahedral grid of vector finite elements to subdivide the solution area. A direct solver software package provided the solution for the sparse linear equations that resulted. Analytical solutions were used to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the algorithm. The proven model was then applied to analyze the effects of arbitrary anisotropy in 3D TDAEM via the distribution of responses and amplitude changes, which revealed that different anisotropy situations strongly affected the responses of TDAEM.     

Major advances in studies of the physical geography and living environment of China during the past 70 years and future prospects

The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.     

Using Sr isotopes to trace the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs

Identifying the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs is important for food safety and fair market competition. In this study, we used strontium (Sr) isotopes as a tool to trace the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs. Chinese mitten crabs, water, and different types of crab feed were collected from four different lakes for Sr isotope analyses. The results showed that the Sr isotope compositions of the different parts from one single crab were consistent within error, indicating that any piece of a crab could be used to represent the Sr isotope characteristics of the whole crab. The Sr isotope compositions of Chinese mitten crabs from the same lake were consistent within the analytical error, and the values were similar to the Sr isotope composition of the water from the same lake. However, the Sr isotope compositions of water and crabs from different lakes are significantly different. Therefore, the Sr isotope compositions of Chinese mitten crabs are mainly controlled by lake water composition, while the impact of feed is limited. This study provides an effective method for tracing the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs.