Land cover change along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway from 1981 to 2001

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows: 1) Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area > alpine meadow > alpine grassland > desert grassland. 2) In the study area, the amount of pixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3) In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4) Human being’s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.     

Experimental Study of the Earthquake Recurrence Period and the Trend of Post-seismic Development

In order to study the earthquake recurrence and the characteristics of earthquake series, rupture tests of rock samples and plexiglass samples were made. On rock samples, a number of acoustic emission (AE) and strain measuring points were deployed; the load was one side direct shear. The variation characteristics of AE and strain at different detecting points around the extra large fracture were observed and studied. On plexiglass samples, a series of inclined cracks were prefabricated by a small-scale compressive testing machine. The samples were then loaded on a shockproof platen, when the samples were loaded, the stress intensity factor (SIF) was determined by the laser interferometric technique and shadow optical method of caustics. The fracture conditions such as material toughness around the extra large fracture were also studied. From those experimental results and the theory of fracture mechanics, the earthquake recurrence period and the trend of post-seismic development were studied.     

基于多模型和多数据源的青藏高原春季物候时空格局分析（英文）

In this study,we have used four methods to investigate the start of the growing season(SGS) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) from 1982 to 2012,using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data obtained from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies(GIMSS,1982-2006) and SPOT VEGETATION(SPOT-VGT,1999-2012).SGS values estimated using the four methods show similar spatial patterns along latitudinal or altitudinal gradients,but with significant variations in the SGS dates.The largest discrepancies are mainly found in the regions with the highest or the lowest vegetation coverage.Between 1982 and 1998,the SGS values derived from the four methods all display an advancing trend,however,according to the more recent SPOT VGT data(1999-2012),there is no continuously advancing trend of SGS on the TP.Analysis of the correlation between the SGS values derived from GIMMS and SPOT between 1999 and 2006 demonstrates consistency in the tendency with regard both to the data sources and to the four analysis methods used.Compared with other methods,the greatest consistency between the in situ data and the SGS values retrieved is obtained with Method 3(Threshold of NDVI ratio).To avoid error,in a vast region with diverse vegetation types and physical environments,it is critical to know the seasonal change characteristics of the different vegetation types,particularly in areas with sparse grassland or evergreen forest.     

应力对煤岩裂缝宽度及渗透率的影响

煤层气的开发实践表明,煤岩裂缝和渗透率是制约我国煤层气资源开发成败的关键因素之一。以室内实验为手段,系统研究了有效应力改变条件下煤岩裂缝宽度和渗透率的变化规律。结果表明:煤岩裂缝宽度和渗透率都随有效应力的增大而减小;当有效应力达到8 MPa后,裂缝宽度变化相对缓慢,渗透率变化也很微弱。由此可见,煤岩裂缝和渗透率对应力的变化非常敏感。      

塔里木盆地南缘和田地区土地利用变化的遥感研究

中国西部干旱区土地利用变化显著,是全球土地变化科学研究的热点区,为此论文基于1990—2016年4个时段的遥感卫星数据,采用面向对象的分层分类影像解译方法完成了塔里木盆地南缘和田地区(简称和田塔里木地区)土地利用调查,重点分析土地利用变化特征、发展模式和区域差异性。结果表明：1990—2016年,和田塔里木地区耕地持续加速扩张(增长率为2.9%/a),呈现渐进式扩张和骤变式开垦2种发展模式;建设用地面积增加(12.1%/a),主要表现为城市化发展、农村居民用地和交通用地的增加;耕地和建设用地扩张导致林灌草地和未利用地面积减少;和田地区县域土地利用发展不均衡,和田市建设用地比例最高,和田县与墨玉县的农业和建设用地扩张总量和速率最大,其次是洛浦县和于田县,皮山县、策勒县和民丰县农业和建设用地增长相对缓慢;总体上,和田塔里木地区耕地和建设用地的扩张在新疆处于一个较快的发展水平,今后一段时期快速的土地利用变化可能引起的生态环境问题需要重点关注。     

基于广义可加模型探讨大亚湾初级生产力月变化及其与环境因子的关系

In this study, the horizontal and vertical distribution of primary production(PP) and its monthly variations were described based on field data collected from the Daya Bay in January–December of 2016. The relationships between PP and environmental factors were analyzed using a general additive model(GAM). Significant seasonal differences were observed in the horizontal distribution of PP, while vertical distribution showed a relatively consistent unimodal pattern. The monthly average PP(calculated by carbon) ranged from 48.03 to 390.56 mg/(m~2·h),with an annual average of 182.77 mg/(m~2·h). The highest PP was observed in May and the lowest in November.Additionally, the overall trend in PP was springsummerwinterautumn, and spring PP was approximately three times that of autumn PP. GAM analysis revealed that temperature, bottom salinity, phytoplankton, and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) had no significant relationships with PP, while longitude, depth, surface salinity, chlorophyll a(Chl a) and transparency were significantly correlated with PP. Overall, the results presented herein indicate that monsoonal changes and terrestrial and offshore water systems have crucial effects on environmental factors that are associated with PP changes.     

大西洋中脊玄武岩岩浆源区性质、潜在温度及其指示意义

洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）的微量元素成分和同位素比值具有变化范围大的特点,这些变化很难简单地用地幔部分熔融和结晶分异等岩浆演化过程来解释。传统观点认为洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学成分的多样性是由其下部地幔成分的大尺度不均一性决定的。这种地幔不均一性则是外来物质的加入造成的,如再循环的地壳物质、下大陆岩石圈、交代的岩石圈和外地核等成分加入到上地幔中。在本研究中,我们对大西洋洋中脊的玄武岩展开研究工作,评估了玄武岩源区的温压条件并综合对比了微量元素和同位素比值。靠近地幔柱的洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学和同位素成分具有较大的变化。地幔柱对洋中脊地区的影响范围可以达到1400公里,但并不是每个地幔柱都能够影响其周围1400km范围内的所有洋中脊脊段。未受地幔柱影响的洋中脊玄武岩成分和地幔潜在温度均没有异常表现。我们认为上述现象是由于地幔柱柱头形状不同造成的。地幔柱的流动形状可以分为管状和饼状两种,饼状地幔柱影响其周围的地幔是没有方向性的,而管状地幔柱对其周围地幔的影响在方向上具有选择性。沿着大西洋中脊的玄武岩的元素和同位素比值变化较大,暗示其源区具有较高的不均一性。我们认为该地区地幔不均一性主要是由于上地幔中加入了俯冲板片和拆沉下地壳造成的。另外,地幔柱的活动也不容忽视,它们影响了其周围部分洋脊段的成分变化。     

1981-2001年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1981 to 2001, the digitalized China Vegetation Map （1：1,000,000）, DEM, temperature and precipitation data, and field investigation, the spatial patterns and vertical characteristics of natural vegetation changes and their influencing factors in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve have been studied. The results show that： （1） There is remarkable spatial difference of natural vegetation changes in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve and stability is the most common status. There are 5.04% of the whole area being seriously degraded, 13.19% slightly degraded, 26.39% slightly improved, 0.97% significantly improved and 54.41% keeping stable. The seriously and slightly degraded areas, which mostly lie in the south of the reserve, are along the national boundaries. The areas of improved vegetation lie in the north of the reserve and the south side of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The stable areas lie between the improved and degraded areas. Degradation decreases with elevation. （2） Degeneration in the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve mostly affects shrubs, needle-leaved forests and mixed forests. （3） The temperature change affects the natural vegetation changes spatially while the integration of temperature changes, slopes and aspects affects the natural vegetation change along the altitude gradients. （4） It is the overuse of resources that leads to the vegetation degeneration in some parts of the Mt. Qomolangma Nature Reserve.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

南大西洋慢速洋中脊与地幔柱相互作用研究进展与展望

揭示洋中脊与地幔柱(脊-柱)之间的可能联系为认识地球深部物质组成与深部地幔动力学过程提供了重要窗口,也是过去40多年以来固体地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点。在绵延八万多千米的全球洋中脊系统中,部分洋脊片段会受到地幔柱作用不同程度的影响。研究显示,大西洋的形成演化与地幔柱作用之间具有密切联系,尤其在南大西洋的裂解、打开演化过程中,南大西洋中脊系统始终与其周围地幔柱(如圣赫勒拿、阿森松、特里斯坦、高夫、发现等地幔柱)之间具有不同程度的相互作用关系,导致沿脊出露玄武岩在地球化学组成上呈现出明显的不均一性特征。本文在系统性总结脊-柱相互作用研究现状与南大西洋地区地质构造演化特征的基础上,详细阐述了南大西洋中脊13.2°S～24.2°S地区玄武岩的岩石地球化学特征;揭示了南大西洋中脊研究区的岩浆演化、地幔源区性质;指示出圣赫勒拿地幔柱物质向南大西洋中脊系统传播的主要方向;圈定了圣赫勒拿地幔柱对南大西洋中脊系统地幔源区性质在沿脊方向的影响范围(14.2°S～20.4°S);同时推测了南大西洋中脊系统与圣赫勒拿地幔柱之间受地幔柱影响的软流圈地幔物质在大洋岩石圈底部的空间展布。最后本文提出了关于南大西洋...