随机风谱研究及其在海岸工程应用述评

作为海岸工程重要动力因素之一的风是随机的,但在实际应用中大多仍作为恒定过程考虑。介绍了随机风谱研究的基本状况、理论基础和常用的一些谱形式并进行适当地评述,对今后海岸工程随机风谱研究及应用进行展望,可供海岸工程设计和研究参考。     

Have China’s drylands become wetting in the past 50 years?

Recently, whether drylands of Northwest China (NW) have become wetting has been attracting surging attentions. By comparing the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Indices (SPEI) derived from two different potential evapotranspiration estimates, i.e., the Thornthwaite algorithm (SPEI_th) and the Penman-Monteith equation (SPEI_pm), we try to resolve the controversy. The analysis indicated that air temperature has been warming significantly at a rate of 0.4°C decade^?1 in the last five decades and the more arid areas are more prone to becoming warmer. Annual precipitation of the entire study area increased insignificantly by 3.6 mm decade^?1 from 1970 to 2019 but NW presented significantly increasing trends. Further, the SPEI_th and SPEI_pm demonstrated similar wetting-drying-wetting trends (three phases) in China’s drylands during 1970-2019. The common periodical signals in the middle phase were identified both by SPEI_th and SPEI_pm wavelet analysis. Analysis with different temporal intervals can lead to divergent or even opposite results. The attribution analysis revealed that precipitation is the main climatic factor driving the drought trend transition. This study hints that the wetting trend’s direction and magnitude hinge on the targeted temporal periods and regions.     

南海陆坡海底峡谷地形复杂度分析方法

地形复杂度指数是描述地形变化程度的综合指标,本文基于南海陆坡北港隆起区的水深网格数据,采用均值变点分析法确定地形起伏度的最佳统计单元,建立计算海底地形复杂度的模型,融合研究区坡度、地形起伏度、地表切割深度和高程变异系数4种地形因子,分析研究区的地形特征和地形复杂度。结果表明,研究区地形起伏度最佳分析窗口大小为19×19网格,最佳统计窗口面积为1.768 9 km2;研究区北部及南部区域地形平坦,地形复杂程度较低,复杂度指数<2.35;中部区域存在规模不同的峡谷,地形复杂程度较高,复杂度指数平均>3.37,其中,中部偏东区域因海底峡谷最为发育,地形复杂度指数可达7.77。研究区地形复杂度的定量分析结果与海蚀作用的强弱程度呈现出较好的正相关性,这对系统开展南海海底峡谷形态特征及演化过程研究、维护海洋工程设施安全等具有重要借鉴意义。     

Climatic Changes Dominant Interannual Trend in Net Primary Productivity of Alpine Vulnerable Ecosystems

The Three-River Headwaters (TRH), which is the source area of Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River, is vulnerable and sensitive, and its alpine ecosystem is considered an important barrier for China’s ecological security. Understanding the impact of climate changes is essential for determining suitable measures for ecological environmental protection and restoration against the background of global climatic changes. However, different explanations of the interannual trends in complex alpine ecosystems have been proposed due to limited availability of reliable data and the uncertainty of the model itself. In this study, the remote sensing-process coupled model (GLOPEM-CEVSA) was used to estimate the net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the TRH region from 2000 to 2012. The estimated NPP significantly and linearly correlated with the above-ground biomass sampled in the field (the multiple correlative coefficient R² = 0.45, significant level P < 0.01) and showed better performance than the MODIS productivity product, i.e. MOD17A3, (R² = 0.21). The climate of TRH became warmer and wetter during 1990-2012, and the years 2000 to 2012 were warmer and wetter than the years1990-2000. Responding to the warmer and wetter climate, the NPP had an increasing trend of 13.7 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 with a statistical confidence of 86% (P = 0.14). Among the three basins, the NPP of the Yellow River basin increased at the fastest rate of 17.44 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 (P = 0.158), followed by the Yangtze River basin, and the Lancang River, which was the slowest with a rate of 12.2 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 and a statistical confidence level of only 67%. A multivariate linear regression with temperature and precipitation as the independent variables and NPP as the dependent variable at the pixel level was used to analyze the impacts of climatic changes on the trend of NPP. Both temperature and precipitation can explain the interannual variability of 83% in grassland NPP in the whole region, and can explain high, medium and low coverage of 78%, 84% and 83%, respectively, for grassland in the whole region. The results indicate that climate changes play a dominant role in the interannual trend of vegetation productivity in the alpine ecosystems on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This has important implications for the formulation of ecological protection and restoration policies for vulnerable ecosystems against the background of global climate changes.     

Magmatic process and geochemistry of Yangchuling calc-alkaline complex,Jiangxi Province

Oxygen and strontium isotope data indicate that the primary magma of the Yangchuling Complex resulted from the mixing of upper mantle materials with crustal materials. Under reducing environment with an oxygen fugacity off 10¹³ bar, the magma began to crystallize at a depth of 8km between 1000°–1180°C, forming granodiorite and monzonitic granite porphyry. When the upper portion of the monzonitic granite porphyry became solidified, while its lower part remained to be liquid, explosion occurred due to pressure decrease, resulting in the formation of explosion breccia and autoclastic phenomenon, providing channels for the migration of hydrothermal solutions and favorite space for ore precipitation. The complex belongs to the calc-alkaline series. Various rock types were emplaced one after another during the process of constant differentiation from a common magma. As indicated by sulfur isotope data, the hydrothermal solutions were derived, for the most part, from the magma with only a small fraction coming from meteoric waters. Ore-forming components, including those leached out of the country rocks, carried by the solutions gave rise to W-Mo enrichment upon second boiling due to pressure drop.     

Experiment and Simulation of Non-Reactive Solute Transport in Porous Media

To more accurately predict the migration behavior of pollutants in porous media, we conduct laboratory scale experiments and model simulation. Aniline (AN) is used in one-dimensional soil column experiments designed under various media and hydrodynamic conditions. The advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) were used to simulate the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of the solute transport. The results show that the media and hydrodynamic conditions are two important factors affecting solute transport and are related to the degree of non-Fickian transport. The simulation results show that CTRW can more effectively describe the non-Fickian phenomenon in the solute transport process than ADE. The sensitive parameter in the CTRW simulation process is , which can reflect the degree of non-Fickian diffusion in the solute transport. Understanding the relationship of with velocity and media particle size is conducive to improving the reactive solute transport model. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for better prediction of pollutant transport in groundwater.     

南海西北次海扩张时代和洋壳性质:沉积地层及重磁依据

利用沉积地层被动超覆和基底重磁异常特征对南海西北次海形成时代和洋壳性质进行了探讨。推断南海西北次海初始扩张时间为早渐新世,结束扩张时间为晚渐新世早期。地层变形、被动超覆特征、洋壳基底形态及对称性特点反映出两期洋壳扩张事件。第一期发生在早渐新世。由于洋壳扩张,上始新统被拉断,在洋壳边界处上始新统突然终止现象明显。受洋壳横向扩张推挤和纵向沉降作用影响,上始新统明显变形,并向扩张中心倾覆。第二期洋壳扩张发生在晚渐新世早期。该期洋壳扩张持续时间短,扩张幅度小,下渐新统被拉开的距离有限。由于南海西北次海形成期间不同部位地壳伸展减薄程度不同,南海西北次海洋壳基底呈北东部较宽,向南西方向变窄,并逐渐尖灭的不规则三角形。根据盆地边缘上始新统向海盆中心方向的断点/线和重磁异常资料,推测西北次海南西侧洋壳边界位于海盆基底坡角处附近,洋壳较窄;而北东侧洋壳边界位于海底坡角处附近,洋壳相对较宽。另外,重磁异常表明,在洋壳基底中有陆壳残留块体存在。上述这些现象说明南海西北次海在洋壳萌芽阶段就先天夭折,停止发育。     

河南祁雨沟热液角砾岩体型矿床成硫流体研究

祁雨沟金矿床产于燕山期热液角砾岩筒内,通过对４号角砾岩体胶结物和石英－碳酸盐胶内流体包裹体研究表明,其中的包裹体类型非常复杂,有气体包裹体,气液包裹体,液体所裹体,含子矿物高盐裹体和含ＣＯ２包裹体五种类型,成矿的初始热液为高温高盐流体,它们来源于燕山期花岗岩浆热液,由于角砾岩体的隐爆,流体减压沸腾及古大气水的混入,热液中的金被沉淀成矿,形成胶结物型和脉型金矿化,金矿的开始成矿于温度较高（３１０～３