Origin of the Cartwheel Galaxy: Disk Instability?

The linear theory and N-body simulations are used to present a new, alternative model of the galaxy A0035-324 (the “Cartwheel”), which is the most striking example of the relatively small class of ring galaxies. The model is based on the gravitational Jeans-type instability of both axisymmetric (radial) and nonaxisymmetric (spiral) small-amplitude gravity perturbations (e.g., those produced by spontaneous disturbances) of a dynamically cold subsystem (identified as the gaseous component) of an isolated disk galaxy. The simplified model of a galaxy is used in which stars (and a dark matter, if it exists at all) do not participate in the disk collective oscillations and just form a background charge. In the theory presented here, a case for both purely radial solutions and purely spiral solutions to the equations of motion of an infinitesimally thin gaseous disk is made, which is associated with both a radial density wave and a dominant spiral density wave which propagate outwards creating a rough ring and a number of spiral arms. Through three-dimensional numerical simulation of a collisionless set of many particles, I associate these gravitationally unstable axisymmetric waves and nonaxisymmetric waves with growing clumps of matter which take on the appearance of a ring and spokes of mass blobs.     

Further Evidence for Intrinsic Redshifts in Normal Spiral Galaxies

Evidence from galaxy absolute magnitudes, linear diameters, and HyperLeda images is presented which strongly supports the interpretation that some normal spiral galaxies can contain large non-cosmological (intrinsic) redshifts in excess of 5000 km s⁻¹.     

Energy Of The Universe In Bianchi-Type I Models In MØLler’S Tetrad Theory Of Gravity

In this paper, using the energy definition in MØller’s tetrad theory of gravity we calculate the total energy of the universe in Bianchi-type I cosmological models which includes both the matter and gravitational fields. The total energy is found to be zero and this result agrees with a previous works of Banerjee and Sen who investigated this problem using the general relativity version of the Einstein energy-momentum complex and Xulu who investigated same problem using the general relativity versions of the Landau and lifshitz, Papapetrou and Weinberg’s energy-momentum complexes. The result that total energy of the universe in Bianchi-type I universes is zero supports the viewpoint of Tryon.     

Photometric Study Of W Uma Type Binary In The Old Cluster Ngc 6791

Study of eclipsing binaries in an open cluster offer information regarding the age of the cluster in addition to the component stars. In this paper we present the analysis of a W UMa system discovered in the open cluster NGC 6791 using the Wilson–Devinney (W–D) method.     

Photometric Analysis of Southern Contact Binary Stars,Part I: GZ PUP,AV PUP AND II APS

An analysis of the V band light curves using the Wilson–Devinney code for GZ Pup, AV Pup and II Aps is provided. The three systems are found to be of W type with mass ratios of 0.37, 0.8 and 0.295, respectively. A review of the astrophysical quantities suggests that the systems generally demonstrate properties typical of the W-type contact binaries.     

UX Ret and CN Hyi: hipparcos photometry analysis

We present an analysis of the Hipparcos photometry of the contact binary systems UX Ret and CN Hyi. The Wilson-Devinney code is employed to model the V band light curve for several fixed values of the mass ratio. From the quality-of-fit of the different solutions a final solution is derived for each system. Absolute values of the system are derived using the parallax data from the Hipparcos catalog. Analysis of the V band photometry of two stars (EL Aqr and FN Cam) with spectroscopically known mass ratios is also provided as a validation for the methods adopted for this study.     

On Charged Analogues of Buchdahl’S Type Fluid Spheres

In this article the charged analogues of recently derived Buchdahl’s type fluid spheres have been obtained by considering a particular form of electric field intensity. In this process, Einstein–Maxwell field equations yield eight different classes of solutions, joining smoothly with the exterior Reissner–Nordstrom metric at the pressure free intersurface. Out of the eight solutions only seven could be utilized to represent superdense star models with ultrahigh surface density of the order 2×10¹⁴ gm cm⁻³. The maximum masses of the star models were found to be 8.223931M_Θ and 8.460857M_Θ subject to strong and weak energy conditions, respectively, which are much higher than the maximum masses 3.82M_Θ and 4.57M_Θ allowed in the neutral cases. The velocity of sound seen to be less than that of light throughout the star models.     

Methodological Development of the Conditional Sampling Method. Part II: Quality Control Criteria of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Flux Measurements

Determination of biosphere–atmosphere exchanges requires accurate quantification of the turbulent fluxes of energy and of a wide variety of trace gases. Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) is a method that has received increasing attention in recent years, because it does not require any rapid sensor for the scalar measurements as the Eddy Correlation method (EC) does. As in all micrometeorological studies, REA measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are valid under some restrictive conditions so as to be representative of a specific ecosystem. These conditions are the homogeneity of the underlying surface, stationary and horizontally homogeneous turbulence. For most experiments these conditions are not fully satisfied. Data uncertainties can also be related to not fulfilling the method principles or to the technical characteristics of the REA system itself. In order to assess REA measurement quality, a methodological approach of data analysis is developed in this study. This methodological analysis is based on the establishment of criteria for data quality control. A set of them, deduced from the mean and turbulent flow, are called ‘Dynamic criteria’ and are designated to control the stationarity and homogeneity of the w function and the validation of Taylor’s hypothesis. A second set (‘REA operational criteria’) is designed to check the sampling process and, more precisely, the homogeneity of the negative and positive selection process throughout the sampling period. A third set of criteria (‘Chemical scalar criteria’) concerns the scalar measurements. Results of the criteria application to data measured at two different experimental sites are also presented. Cut-off limits of criteria are defined based on their statistical distribution and shown to be specific for each site. Strictness of each criterion, defined by the percentage of flagged samples, is analysed in conjunction with the meteorological conditions and atmospheric stability. It is found that flagged samples mainly correspond to neutral and stable nocturnal conditions. During daytime, nearly free convection conditions can also yield poor quality data.     

Wave Flow Simulations Over Arctic Leads

We investigate the flow over Arctic leads using a mesoscale numerical model, typical of both summer and winter, under idealised conditions. We find that Arctic leads may be the source of standing atmospheric internal gravity waves during both seasons. The summertime wave may be compared with the wave generated by a small ridge, though with the phase reversed. The mechanism for exciting the wave is found to be the internal boundary layer developing due to horizontal variations in surface temperature and roughness length. During the more exploratory wintertime simulations, with substantial temperature difference between the lead and the ice surface, we find that secondary circulations and intermittent wave-breaking may occur. The effects of the lead appear far downstream.     

‘Surface Drag in the Arctic Marginal Sea-ice Zone: A Comparison of Different Parameterisation Concepts’

Two parameterisation schemes for the turbulent surface fluxes and drag coefficients over the Arctic marginal sea-ice zone (MIZ) are (further) developed, and their results are compared with each other. Although the schemes are based on different principles (flux averaging and parameter averaging), the resulting drag coefficients differ only slightly in the case of neutral and stable stratification. For unstable stratification and sea-ice conditions being typical for the north-eastern Fram Strait, the drag coefficients resulting from the parameter-averaging concept are 5–10% larger than those of the flux-averaging concept. At a sea-ice concentration of 45%, the parameter-averaging method overestimates the heat fluxes by a factor of 1.2. An inclusion in the schemes of form drag caused by floe edges and ridges has a much larger effect on the drag coefficient, and on the momentum fluxes, than the choice between the parameter-averaging or flux-averaging methods. Based on sensitivity studies with the flux-averaging scheme, a simple formula for the effective drag coefficient above the Arctic MIZ is derived. It reduces the computational costs of the more complex parameterisations and could also be used in larger scale models. With this simple formula, the effective drag coefficient can be calculated as a function of the sea-ice concentration and skin drag coefficients for water and ice floes. The results obtained with this parameterisation differ only slightly from those using the more complex schemes. Finally, it is shown that in the MIZ, drag coefficients for sea-ice models may differ significantly from the effective drag coefficients used in atmospheric models.