基于3D-DIC的砂岩裂纹扩展及损伤监测试验研究

裂纹监测对岩石损伤演化的认识至关重要。为研究岩石裂纹扩展及损伤变形特性,开展了含不同倾角（0°～90°）预制裂隙的标准细黄砂岩样的单轴压缩试验。利用三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）获取岩样三维空间坐标下的应变分布,并结合声发射从光学与声学的角度监测了裂纹的扩展演化。由此提出了一种裂纹主应变的计算方法,定量表征岩石劣化的损伤变量D值。最后,探讨了由声发射与损伤变量D值确定岩样特征强度的影响因素。结论如下：（1）裂纹主应变反映了岩样受荷过程中同源裂纹在时间上的变化速率与空间上的扩展趋势,能较好地表征岩石的开裂行为;（2）声发射适用于确定岩样的起裂应力,不适用于损伤应力的确定,损伤变量D值所确定的起裂应力滞后于声发射,但适用于损伤应力特征值的确定;（3）结合声发射与DIC技术确定的归一化起裂应力范围为0.63～0.94、归一化损伤应力的范围为0.83～0.99;（4）预有裂隙会影响岩石的材料力学性能。随着倾角的增加,岩石的起裂应力、损伤应力及峰值应力呈增长的趋势,由于难以形成局部应变场聚集,裂纹的萌生与起裂更加困难。结果表明,3D-DIC技术的利用可以提高对岩石开裂行为的理解,对岩石的损伤监测与判识更有重要的意义。     

Dynamic selection of emergency plans of geological disaster based on case-based reasoning and prospect theory

Natural Hazards - The Three Gorges reservoir area in the Yangtze River economic belt has frequent geological disasters. To assist decision-makers make effective emergency decisions based on their...     

Design of optimal sand fences around a desert solar park—a case study from Phase IV of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park

Natural Hazards - Solar energy parks in desert areas must resist the encroachment of moving sand and burial by migrating dunes. It is therefore important to design economical, effective sand fences...     

Interpreting the Influence of Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation on the Seepage and Stability of an Ancient Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area: A Case Study of the Outang Landslide

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The periodic reservoir water level (RWL) fluctuation on bank slopes during water impoundment in Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) may lead to the reactivation...     

青藏高原腹地各拉丹冬南北坡多年冻土考察初步结果

青藏高原唐古拉山南北两侧在地形地貌、地理和气候特征上存在显著差异,多年冻土的发育状况和特征也明显不同。受第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究等项目资助,多年冻土对亚洲水塔的影响专题考察分队分别于2019年和2020年的10—11月对唐古拉山各拉丹冬南侧的色林错上游扎加藏布源区（简称“湖源区”）和北侧的长江上游沱沱河源区（简称“江源区”）进行了多年冻土野外考察。利用钻探、坑探、地球物理勘探等方法对多年冻土的分布边界、多年冻土剖面的地层、地下冰等特征进行了描述和取样,同步构建了多年冻土温度和活动层水热观测网络,为多年冻土对亚洲水塔影响的机理分析、数值模拟以及情景预估提供数据保障。对野外调查资料的初步分析认为,各拉丹冬南北两坡地层沉积类型和地下冰赋存状态存在明显差异,北坡多年冻土的热稳定性、地下冰含量、冰缘地貌类型多样性均高于南坡,但由于受到构造地热、河流融区等多种因素的影响,北坡的冻土分布形式更为复杂。江源区100 m钻孔剖面揭示了连续分布的、厚度大于50 m的地下冰;在该区域发现了多年生冻胀丘分布群,并利用钻探和地球物理勘探方法对该区域规模最大、结构最完整的冰核型冻胀丘进行了较为系统的勘察剖析。两次野外调查工作共采集钻孔岩心、表层土壤、冰水等各类样本近1.2万件,为后期区域冻土理化指标分析,冻土环境化学、古气候环境研究的开展奠定基础。     

“三江”中段两类碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿化成因的相关性——来自稀土元素地球化学研究的启示

世界范围内的碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿带内常在区域上出现以方解石等碳酸盐矿物为主要脉石矿物的富碳酸盐型铅锌矿化和以碳酸盐+萤石为主要脉石矿物的富氟型铅锌矿化这两种矿化形式,但不同元素组合的出现在成因上是否有相关性并不明确。青藏高原"三江"成矿带中段玉树地区同一矿集区内近同时发育了东莫扎抓富碳酸盐型和莫海拉亨富氟型铅锌矿床,二者均为碳酸盐岩赋矿,以逆断层为主要控矿构造,具有层控的矿体产状特征,矿石矿物均为方铅矿+闪锌矿,但是,东莫扎抓矿床以方解石+白云石等碳酸盐矿物为主要脉石矿物,莫海拉亨则以方解石+萤石为主要脉石矿物。研究表明,两个矿区含钙矿物的稀土元素地球化学特征存有差异。东莫扎抓矿区方解石的稀土元素具有轻重稀土元素分馏相对明显、轻稀土元素富集、Eu负异常明显的特征,在球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈现右倾或轻微右倾的"V"字形曲线。莫海拉亨矿区方解石及萤石轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,有明显的Eu负异常,球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上呈现轻微的"M"型曲线。稀土元素总量上,东莫扎抓(0.46×10-6~10.79×10-6)较莫海拉亨矿床(0.25×10-6~5.88×10-6)高。稀土元素地球化学特征揭示,两个矿床的含钙矿物都沉淀自与岩浆作用无关的热液流体,伴随硫化物沉淀,流体盐度降低,还原性变弱。莫海拉亨矿床除具有一套和东莫扎抓矿床来源一致的流体外,还具有另一套来自深部变质基底的富氟流体,这套流体控制了富氟型碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌矿床的沉淀位置,使其在区域上更靠近逆冲体系主逆冲带,且多在区域上最底层的碳酸盐岩地层中发育。这一认识解释了世界上多个碳酸盐岩容矿铅锌成矿带内同一空间、时间范围内两套不同类型铅锌矿床型式共同出现的原因。     

An Analytical Solution for Mechanical Responses Induced by Temperature and Air Pressure in a Lined Rock Cavern for Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage

Mechanical responses induced by temperature and air pressure significantly affect the stability and durability of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in a lined rock cavern. An analytical solution for evaluating such responses is, thus, proposed in this paper. The lined cavern of interest consists of three layers, namely, a sealing layer, a concrete lining and the host rock. Governing equations for cavern temperature and air pressure, which involve heat transfer between the air and surrounding layers, are established first. Then, Laplace transform and superposition principle are applied to obtain the temperature around the lined cavern and the air pressure during the operational period. Afterwards, a thermo-elastic axisymmetrical model is used to analytically determine the stress and displacement variations induced by temperature and air pressure. The developments of temperature, displacement and stress during a typical operational cycle are discussed on the basis of the proposed approach. The approach is subsequently verified with a coupled compressed air and thermo-mechanical numerical simulation and by a previous study on temperature. Finally, the influence of temperature on total stress and displacement and the impact of the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. This paper shows that the temperature sharply fluctuates only on the sealing layer and the concrete lining. The resulting tensile hoop stresses on the sealing layer and concrete lining are considerably large in comparison with the initial air pressure. Moreover, temperature has a non-negligible effect on the lined cavern for underground compressed air storage. Meanwhile, temperature has a greater effect on hoop and longitudinal stress than on radial stress and displacement. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient affects the cavern stress to a higher degree than the displacement.     

Spalling Experiments on Large Hard Rock Specimens

Specimens of coarse-grained Äspö diorite were axially compressed to observe stress-induced spalling. The specimens had a novel design characterized by two manufactured large radius notches on opposite sides. The tangential stress occurring in the notches aimed to represent the tangential loading around a circular opening. Fracture stages were monitored by acoustic emission measurements. Rock chips were formed similar to those found in situ, which indicates a similar fracture process. Slabs were cut out from the specimens and impregnated using a fluorescent material to visualize the cracks. The cracks were subsequently examined by the naked eye and by means of microscopy images, from which fracture paths could be identified and related to different minerals and their crystallographic orientations. The microscopy analyses showed how the stress field and the microstructure interact. Parallel cracks were formed 2–4 mm below the surface, sub-parallel to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The crack initiation, the roles of minerals such as feldspar, biotite and quartz and their grain boundaries and crystallographic directions are thoroughly studied and discussed in this paper. Scale effects, which relate to the stress gradient and microstructure, are discussed.     

最小静校正量基准面校正技术在准噶尔盆地LN6井区应用

最小静校正量基准面技术在原理上优于水平基准面一步法校正,实际应用有多大的优势?以准噶尔盆地LN6井区为例,从基本原理、静校正量计算、速度建场,对最小静校正量基准面校正和水平基准面一步法校正进行对比。在构造圈闭目标识别过程中,使用最小静校正量基准面校正技术,构造精度上取得好的成果,提供部署预探井位一口。