INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETATION ON CLIMATE CHANGES INDUCED BY THERMAL FORCING*

A land-process scheme has been incorporated in a vertical one-dimensional time-dependent atmospheric model and numerical experiments have been performed with the coupled model to examine influences of soil wetness and vegetation on climate changes associated to thermal forcing.It is showed that response of land-surface temperature to the thermal forcing becomes small with increase of soil water content and vegetation cover.Furthermore,the response is more obvious in arid climate region than in humid one.The result also shows that there exist two patterns of corresponding relation between variations in air temperature and humidity on the land surface in response to hydrologic and thermal focing.     

河洛地区地理环境的人文意义

在野外实地考察和大量文献资料分析研究的基础上,运用人地相关的思想,对河洛地区这个独特的地理单元的自然条件和人文要素如政治、经济、文化和军事之间的相互关系进行了探讨。     

大尺度降雨异常对地面过程的影响——一类气候反馈机制的初步研究

本文以华北地区春季两个多雨年和两个少雨年为例,研究半干旱地区大范围持续性降雨对地面物理过程的影响。 根据地面边界层热通量和辐射通量的参数化公式以及地面水份倾向方程,计算分析了春季降雨异常增多后地面热状况、热量平衡各分量和水文状况的变化,发现降雨异常增多后,地面土壤温度和地面气温明显降低,土壤湿度和地面蒸发潜热明显增大,地面反照率也有所降低。值得指出的是,地面物理状况的变化相对于降雨异常过程有明显的时间上的后延现象,在空间场上有较好的配合关系。     

用对氧的电子探针定量分析值测定石榴子石中Fe~(2+)与Fe~(3+)的含量

本文用对氧的电子探针定量分析值测定了几种石榴子石中Fe~(2+)与Fe~(3+)的含量,讨论了这种新方法中氧的测量精度,详细叙述了实验过程,并与常用的电价差值法和剩余氧计算法进行了比较。     

竺可桢先生——我国近代气象学、地理学的奠基人

一、引言 今年是竺先生诞辰一百周年,我们在纪念他诞辰一百周年的时候,感慨万千。近百年来,中国发生了天翻地覆的变化。先是推翻了几千年的封建帝制,建立了民国;民国初期是军阀混战,接着国民党统治了中国;不久,日本帝国主义大举侵略中国;抗战胜利后,又有数年的内战;到1949年才建立新中国,进入了社会主义时代,开始大规模建设新中国。竺先生的一生就是在这样的大动荡、大变革中度过的。竺先生的一生之所以辉煌,就在于他不管是在风风雨雨的军阀混战时期,还是在日本帝国主义疯狂蹂躏中国的时期,或是在新中国成立以后的社会主义时期,他都始终如一地艰苦奋斗,为中国的科学和教育事业,尤其是为中国地学的发展做出了不可估量的贡献。他是中国近代气象和地理科学的奠基人,     

用冰川区水量(物质)平衡模型估计气候变化对冰川水资源影响的初步研究

本文提出了一个水量(物质)平衡模型,估计可能的气候变化对冰川区水文的影响。以天山北坡乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,假设温度升高1—4℃和相应的降水量变化为0,±10%,±20%组合成二十种气候变化情景进行计算。结果表明:目前的冰川融水量(R_i)是处在冰川退缩阶段的高值期,假设的二十种气候情景下的R_i均小于此值。因此,未来全球气候变暖,将会导致我国西北高寒山区以冰川融水补给为主的河川径流量逐渐减少。     

模式识别与成矿预测Ⅳ——Isokid模式识别方法及其在矿产预测中的应用

在Isodata、Isomix等方法的基础上,笔者提出一个新的非监督模式识别方法即Isokid算法,该法还吸取了Cora-3、Hamming等监督模式识别方法的一些特点,使它具有很多优点:(1) 简化了初始聚类中心的计算;(2) 利用信息量计算法给特征加权;(3) 采用了删除特征试验;(4) 适用于多类分类识别。本文以广东花岗岩型铀矿床的识别预测和对赣中南产铀、产钨岩体的识别为例,介绍了本方法的使用情况和特点。结果表明,本方法识别结果可靠稳定,是目前模式识别中较好的方法,除应用于地质找矿外,还可应用于其它领域。     

The validation of various schemes for parameterizing evaporation from bare soil for use in meteorological models: A numerical study using in situ data

Parameterization of evaporation from a non-plant-covered surface is very important in the hierarchy strategy of modelling land surface processes. One of the representations frequently used in its computation is the resistance formulation. The performance of the evaporation schemes using the , , and their combination resistance approaches to parameterize evaporation from bare soil surfaces is discussed. For that purpose, the nine schemes, based on a different dependence of and on volumetric soil moisture content and its saturated value, are used.The tests of performances of the considered schemes are based on time integrations by the land surface module (BARESOIL) using observed data. The 23 data sets at a bare surface experimental site in Rimski anevi, Yugoslavia on chernozem soil, were used for the resistance algorithm evaluation. The quality of the schemes was compared with the observed values of the latent heat flux using several statistical parameters.     

High-pressure marble at Yangguantun,Rongcheng County,Shandong Province,eastern China

Summary Four generations of minerals have been confirmed in an eclogite-bearing impure marble located at Yangguantun, Rongcheng county, eastern Shandong province, China in the eastern part of the collision zone between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons.(1) Early stage: high-Al-P-F titanite, pure zoisite and jadeite-bearing diopside occur as rounded aggregates surrounded by main stage amphiboles and titanites. (2) The main stage assemblage is characterized by hornblende (I), titanite (II), calcite, dolomite and phlogopite; they are intergrown with each other or occur as corona around the primary diopside, zoisite or titanite. (3) Earlier retrogression stage: hornblende (I) is replaced by hornblende (II) which occurs around hornblende (I). (4) Later retrogression stage: hornblende (II) is replaced by tremolite, chlorite and albite.The early stage is correlated with the eclogitic facies, but the main, earlier retrogression and later retrogression stages reflect retrogressions of eclogitic marble at different depth during decompression. The high pressure evidence and the metamorphic evolution of the marble studied, whose precursor was of crustal sedimentary affinity, indicate that the marble was subducted from the surface to great depth and then uplifted into the country rock gneiss, together with ultra-high-pressure eclogite and ultramafic rocks.

---

Hochdruck-Marmore in Yangguantun, Rongcheng, Shangdong Provinz, Ostchina

Zusammenfassung Vier Mineralgenerationen werden in unreinen, Eklogit-führenden Marmoren aus Yangguantun, Rongcheng, in der östlichen Shangdong Provinz Chinas unterschieden. Diese Gesteine sind im östlichen Teil der Kollisionszone zwischen dem Sino- koreanischen und dem Yangtze Kraton aufgeschlossen.(1) Frühes Metamorphosestadium: Hoch-Al-P-F-Titanit, reiner Zoisit und Jadeitführender Diopsid kommen als rundliche Aggregate, die von Amphibolen der Hauptphase und Titanit umwachsen werden, vor. (2) Die Paragenese der metamorphen Hauptphase ist durch Hornblende (I), Titanit (II), Calcit, Dolomit und Phlogopit charakterisiert. Diese Minerale sind eng miteinander verwachsen und bilden Koronartexturen um primären Diopsid, Zoisit und Titanit. (3) Frühes retrogrades Metamorphosestadium: Hornblende (I) wird von Hornblende (II), die sich um Hornblende (I) ausbildet, verdrängt. (4) Spätes retrogrades Metamorphosestadium: Hornblende (II) wird durch Tremolit, Chlorit und Albit verdrängt.Das frühe Stadium wird mit der Eklogitfazies, das Haupt- und die anschließenden retrograden Stadien werden mit der retrograden Metamorphose dieser eklogitischen Marmore in unterschiedlichen Tiefen infolge von Dekompression korreliert. Die hohen Drucke und die Entwicklungsgeschichte der untersuchten Marmore, die sich von krustalem sedimentären Material ableiten, belegen, daß die Subduktion dieses Materials von der Oberfläche in große Tiefen und der anschließende Uplift in die umgebenden Gneise, gemeinsam mit der Ultra-Hochdruckmetamorphose der Eklogite und ultramafischer Gesteine erfolgt sein muß.

---

---

With 6 Figures     

Spatial Aspects of Restrictions on Registered Sex Offenders

Restrictions in the USA on registered sex offenders (RSOs) are examined from the spatial aspects. The long history of various restrictions imposed by government, particularly local ones, is covered in the introduction. Spatial aspects, such as delineation of zones from which certain activities or certain people are excluded is the focus. Then the nature of restrictions on RSOs is considered at the state, county and municipal level. Typical of restrictions are that RSOs are prohibited from moving into residence within a prescribed distance of certain features in a community. The distances are typically 1,000 feet but are quite variable. Typical proscribed venues are schools, parks and day care centers, but there can be many others such as bus stops. Spatial aspects of these restrictions, such as how offender locations are geocoded and represented and how proscribed venues are delineated is analyzed. Specific details and theoretical concerns related to the many problematic issues with RSO restrictions is presented. In particular questions of their constitutionality and efficacy are raised. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of RSO restrictions for the discipline of geography in general and for the evolution of increasingly precise methods of spatial analysis in particular.