21世纪初期河南省基础地质研究方向与成功战略

20世纪河南省基础地质研究经历三个阶段。第一阶段50年,随矿产调查进行。第二阶段30年,随矿产勘查和1∶20万区调开展。第三阶段20年,随1∶5万区调、矿产勘查、专题与综合研究广泛展开。为谋求21世纪初期河南省基础地质较快发展,作者认为应有新的指导思想、研究方法和服务方向,并提出知识创新、人才培养和经费保障三项成功战略。     

广西百色盆地更新世沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

为研究百色盆地红土剖面中粘土矿物的特征并恢复盆地中更新世以来的古气候演化序列,利用X射线衍射分析对百色盆地大旺红土剖面中粘土矿物进行了深入、系统的研究。结果表明,沉积物的粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石及蛭石（或羟基铝蛭石）,但在约0.26Ma处其相对含量出现明显变化,表明百色盆地中更新世中期至晚更新世早期表生风化作用逐渐加强,其气候条件经历了从“相对干凉→暖湿”的演化。这一结果与河湖相沉积物磁化率所记录的MIS 7.5（0.26Ma）“冰期→间冰期”转折时期相一致。沉积物中伊利石结晶度结果显示,其（001）衍射峰半高宽值从早期的相对平稳转变为晚期的波动性变化,说明百色地区气候经历了相对冷干到相对暖湿的转型,与粘土矿物相对含量变化、河湖相沉积物磁化率变化、邻区钙华沉积及南海各古气候指标所揭示的记录相一致。     

东昆北成矿带冰沟南铜镍矿辉长岩地球化学特征

通过对东昆北成矿带冰沟南铜镍矿辉长岩的全岩地球化学进行分析,以确定该岩体的岩石成因及其形成的构造环境。冰沟南辉长岩SiO_2的含量为49.72%~51.58%,岩石系列为钙碱性。稀土元素球粒陨石分配模式为轻稀土略富集型,δEu为1.26~1.54,轻微正Eu异常。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、K,相对亏损P。岩体中的La/Sm、Th/La和Nb/U比值显示在就位过程中经历了一定程度的地壳混染。研究认为,岩体的岩浆源区为亏损地幔。结合区域演化,认为岩体形成于碰撞后伸展的背景。     

Soil indicators for eco-geographic regionalization: A case study in mid-temperate zone of eastern China

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors (including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality. In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization. However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches. Based on the second China’s national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization. The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils. With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed. By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions.     

富营养化湖泊蓝藻—芦苇碎屑堆积分解过程及其潜在的共代谢效应

为探究富营养化浅水湖泊所富集的有机物对湖泊碳循环和水质的影响,本研究构建微宇宙系统,模拟蓝藻和芦苇碎屑单独分解及混合分解过程.通过测定各组上覆水营养盐浓度、有机质含量及结构的变化,揭示富营养化湖泊藻草残体混合分解过程中养分和有机碳的释放特征.结果 表明,在实验0～88 h内,在添加相同的碳源条件下,蓝藻和芦苇混合处理组...     

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimations from the site of the Eastern Anatolia Observatory<Superscript>∗</Superscript> (DAG), a new astronomical observatory in Turkey

We present preliminary statistics on the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content over the Karakaya Hills in Erzurum city, where the largest optical and near-infrared astronomical telescope in Turkey will be operated. Since the observatory will observe in the near-infrared (NIR), it is intended to perform PWV measurements of the atmosphere above the site by using signal delays in Global Positioning System (GPS) communication. The analysis of the GPS data recorded on the summit for almost one year shows that the atmosphere over the site of the observatory, which has an altitude of 3170 m, has favorable conditions for NIR observations. From GPS measurements, we report that the site had an average PWV of 3.2 mm and a median PWV of 2.7 mm between October 6, 2016, and June 15, 2017. We also present the time dependency of the PWV content and the correlations between the amount of PWV and the other meteorological records gathered from radiosonde flights and ground-based measurements.     

THE STUDY OF DEFORESTATION PROCESSES WITH SPACE IMAGES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN GDR

The use of intermediate-scale space imagery in the analysis of current and ancient deforestation is exemplified by a case study in the southwestern quarter of East Germany, an area heavily deforested as a result of mining and agricultural activities. More specifically a mosaic of 1:1,000,000-scale Landsat imagery was used to compile a series of maps (of modern landscapes, forests, land use), the comparison of which provided an inventory of the causes and extent of deforestation over the study area. This in turn permitted linkages between losses of forest cover and other environmental problems to be identified. Translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon Inc., Washington, DC 20005 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1988, No. 1, pp. 165-173.     

江苏兴化DS浅孔沉积物地球化学元素与粒度所揭示的古环境意义

选择位于东亚季风典型区的苏北盆地沉降中心附近湖沼沉积为研究对象,进行了AMS¹⁴C、粒度、地球化学元素的综合分析。分析表明,末次冰消期以来苏北盆地古气候经历了冷干、暖湿、温湿、冷暖波动剧烈、暖湿的变化过程。苏北盆地DS钻孔沉积物所揭示的气候变化与贵州董歌洞石笋氧同位素数据和格陵兰冰芯数据所揭示的气候变化总体变化趋势大体一致,但在一些细部上还是存在着差异,较好的响应了区域环境和全球气候变化。     

东北印度洋沉积岩芯热释光与古气候变化

孟加拉深海扇中扇的MD77181和下扇的MD81345岩芯沉积物天然热释光变化与古气候变化有明显的对应关系,岩芯记录的时间跨度约300 ka BP.将两支岩芯的热释光测量结果与δ18O、CaCO3含量和磁化率结果对比后发现,热释光强度与磁化率变化存在显著的一致性.它们与间冰期和冰期气候变化的对应关系表现为:间冰期,风化作用减弱,输入海洋的陆源性矿物减少,对碳酸盐的稀释作用低于冰期,热释光和磁化率同时降低.此时,热释光强度随碳酸盐含量的增加而增大,说明沉积物热释光主要来自于碳酸盐矿物的贡献,表现为海进沉积环境特征.在冰期,陆地风化作用加强,输入海洋的陆源性矿物增加,对碳酸盐的稀释作用增强,热释光强度随陆源物的增多而增强,热释光和磁化率同时增大.说明沉积物热释光主要来自陆源矿物,表现为海退沉积环境特征.     

珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地沉积环境演化及其对人类活动的响应

滨海湿地作为人类活动和全球变化反应最为敏感的区域,其沉积记录可以反映出周边地区环境变化及人类活动信息。珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地钻孔分析结果表明,在中全新世期间淇澳岛附近海域为河口湾环境,在风化层以上开始出现淤积,但在4 200 a BP前后受极冷气候的影响,沉积物粗化;自2 500 a BP以来,沉积环境相对稳定,在小冰期期间略有变化。沉积速率计算结果显示:淇澳岛附近海域自中全新世高海面以来的平均沉积速率为0.29 cm/a,4 160~2 500 a BP、2 500 a BP-1488年、1488-1893年、1893-1986年、1990-2007年期间的平均沉积速率分别为:0.17 cm/a、0.23 cm/a、0.35 cm/a、1.37 cm/a和5.94 cm/a,沉积速率逐渐增大,反映了珠江三角洲演化过程中沉积相与沉积环境的变化;1986-1990年期间的海堤建造极大地扰动了该钻孔上部的沉积过程,在工程施工期间共沉积了厚度约112 cm的沉积层,而在海堤建成后,沉积速率也显著增大。沉积物总有机碳、总氮和C/N值的垂向分布表明,在4 160~2 500 a BP期间受海洋环境影响较大,沉积物中有机碳以海源为主,2 500 a BP以来沉积物中碳、氮含量明显增大,C/N也相应变大,有机碳主要来源于陆源输入,但在小冰期期间海源有机碳贡献略有所增大;近百年来由于受人类活动影响显著,陆源有机碳的贡献快速增加。