海上风机吸力式桶形基础承载特性研究综述

风机基础作为海上风机整体结构的重要组成部分,承受着上部风机所受到的风浪流荷载,并且对风机的安全性及可靠性至关重要。吸力式桶形基础由于其安装简单和可重复利用等优点,在海洋平台基础中得到了广泛应用,并逐步应用于海上风机基础中。但由于海上风机与海洋平台在海洋环境中的荷载工况有一定的差别,仍需要通过对其承载特性研究现状进行全面认识,以实现吸力式桶形基础在海上风机基础中的可靠应用。文中通过总结和评价现有研究对桶形基础在不同土体条件以及荷载条件下进行试验及数值模拟分析得到的研究结果,综述了静荷载和循环荷载作用下砂土和黏土中的吸力式桶形基础的承载特性研究现状,以及海上风机吸力式桶形基础的相关研究。文章展望了目前应用于海上风机基础的桶形基础仍缺乏的研究,为海上风机吸力式桶形基础的可靠应用及后续研究提供重要参考。     

地应力测量及其地下工程应用的思考

国内外地应力实测资料证实,地表附近构造应力受多种影响因素的干扰,经常叠加着非构造应力(如地形等引起的应力)。为此,本文讨论了地应力测量及其地下工程应用值得注意的问题。地应力测量前应充分考虑测量孔位的选定和地形地貌、岩性、断裂等的影响;地应力测量后应对测值的各种影响因素和可靠性进行分析、进行岩石力学性质校正和对比分析以及测值的代表性分析等;工程应用应考虑具体工程所处不同构造部位、不同岩性、不同岩体结构、不同深度等局部地应力状态的变化和差异,此外,工程本身不同的设计结构、尺寸等引起的局部地应力状态变化也需予以充分考虑。     

硅灰石、透辉石在陶瓷中的基本反应和作用

本文以硅灰石和高岭石、透辉石和高岭石为端元组分,推导了二元假相图。根据这两个假相图,提出了四个基本固相反应。用这些基本反应以及硅灰石、透辉石的矿物学性质,说明了它们对陶瓷坯体工艺性能的作用。     

一次春季强冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料及新一代多普勒雷达资料对2004年3月30日发生在广东的强冰雹过程进行了详细分析。结果表明:中高层强冷空气入侵配合地面中尺度低压的发展,导致不稳定能量突增;下湿上干的不稳定层结、合适的0℃层与-20℃层高度利于大冰雹的形成;强有力的中尺度抬升系统和强垂直风切变直接导致强对流的发生,并使强对流长时间维持。在强风暴的发展过程中,广州新一代多普勒雷达(CINRAD-SA)观测到高悬的强回波、风暴中低层强入流、风暴顶强辐散及冰雹云三体散射所产生的钉状回波(TBSS)等特征。雷达资料分析表明:TBSS的强度随着上升气流的强弱及冰雹的降落发生变化;即使无中气旋,持久稳定的风暴相对入流和风暴顶强辐散也能使强风暴长时间维持;风暴顶辐散减弱,标志着入流减弱,伴随着强回波核下降,风暴进入消亡阶段。     

一个大质量恒星形成复合体的动力学性质

恒星形成于分子云之中, 分子外向流是恒星形成正在进行的重要动力学特征, 也是研究和认识恒星形成的重要契入点. 利用紫金山天文台青海观测站德令哈13.7m毫米波望远镜, 采用5种分子谱线探针(包括¹²CO、¹³CO、C¹⁸O、HCO$^+$ $J=1-0$和CS $J=2-1$, J为角动量量子数), 对一个包含IRAS 19230+1506、IRAS 19232+1504和G050.3179--00.4186这3个源的大质量恒星形成复合体进行了成图观测研究. 通过对以上分子谱线数据并结合红外波段巡天数据的分析, 在这3个源中首次探测到了分子外向流活动, 并确定了分子外向流的中心驱动源. 最后对这3个源进行了分子外向流相关物理量参数的计算, 分析了这些物理量参数之间的关系, 结果表明分子外向流的性质与中心驱动源的性质息息相关.     

南海北部西沙海槽沉积物管状黄铁矿特征及其形成机理*

南海北部西沙海槽S1站位的岩心柱沉积物中广泛发育自生矿物黄铁矿,其形态以管状为主,且具有内部中空的圈层结构。使用扫描电镜、电子探针、LA-ICP-MS、SIMS等测试方法研究了管状黄铁矿的形态及圈层结构,结果显示: (1)管状黄铁矿发育内部中空的圈层结构,其中内圈层(I_py)由莓球状黄铁矿呈五角十二面体紧密堆积组成,外圈层(O_py)由晶形较好晶粒较大的八面体黄铁矿组成,并混有沉积碎屑及钙质生物壳体;(2)内圈层和外圈层分别呈现出贫S富Fe和富S贫Fe的特征,其成因是甲烷渗漏造成的局部还原环境使得As进入黄铁矿中导致晶格空缺或被扭曲,从而促进Ni、Co、Cu、Zn、Pb等微量元素的掺入;(3)内圈层、外圈层发生了明显的硫同位素分馏现象,内圈层中 δ³⁴S 平均为-37.8‰,外圈层中 δ³⁴S 平均为-29.3‰。研究认为,管状黄铁矿作为曾经甲烷渗漏的通道,其生长机制可分为3个阶段: (1)气水通道形成阶段: 向上运移的甲烷流体在沉积物孔隙中逐渐形成气水通道;(2)外圈层形成阶段: 当向上运移的甲烷与硫酸盐发生甲烷厌氧氧化时,逐渐形成晶体较大、晶形较好的八面体黄铁矿外圈层;(3)内圈层形成阶段: 随着甲烷浓度逐渐降低,在气水通道中的微生物作用下,剩余甲烷与向下运移的硫酸盐继续反应形成莓球状黄铁矿内圈层。因此,南海北部的泥岩中大量发育的管状黄铁矿常常与地层中甲烷水合物的存在有关。     

Geochemical characterization of Archaean amphibolites from the eastern part of Anshan–Benxi iron producing area,northeastern China: implication for tectonic setting of BIFs

The Anshan–Benxi iron producing area, which is located at the northeastern margin of the North China Craton, is the main distribution area of Archaean BIFs in China. In their eastern part, including the Gongchangling and Waitoushan deposits, BIFs mainly are hosted in the Archaean middle Anshan Group. Amphibolites are widely distributed in the iron‐bearing rock series, reflecting the tectonic setting of BIFs. Amphibolites not only have MORB‐like compositional characteristics, but also have island arc‐like ones, and they are consistent with back‐arc basin basalts (BABB). In the study area, the protolith of amphibolites belongs to Okinawa‐type BABB; it indicates that tectonic setting of BIFs is the intra‐continental back‐arc basin. In the study area, the formation of sedimentary basins for BIFs had been associated with oceanic plate subduction. Amphibolites from Gongchangling deposit are characterized by relative enrichments in LILE and LREE, and depletions in HFSE. This indicates that they had a relatively large influence of subduction in their formation. Amphibolites from Waitoushan deposit are characterized by relative enrichments in LILE without conspicuous depletions in HFSE, indicating relatively low subduction rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GIS技术的大地电磁测深数据库系统设计与实现

大地电磁(Megnetotelluric,简称MT)测深数据子库是中国岩石圈三维结构数据库所属子库之一。本文阐述了结合GIS技术开发大地电磁测深数据库管理系统的必要性。讨论了新型大地电磁测深数据库及基于GIS平台的数据库管理系统的总体设计思想。在分析原ACCESS大地电磁测深数据库所存在问题的基础上,建立新的MT数据库实体-关系模型,并进一步把原有的MT数据库改造为SQL Server 2000数据库;同时,开发了基于GIS的MT数据库管理系统。本文介绍了基于GIS的MT数据库管理系统所具有的功能。     

苏北盆地XH 1＃钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分相关性变化特征及其意义研究

对苏北盆地XH 1#钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性进行了研究，研究结果表明，此钻孔沉积物磁化率与粒度组分的相关性在不同深度段内有着不同的表现:在350～247 m深度段内，磁化率大小与中值粒径大小表现为负相关、与4～12Φ各粒级组分百分含量表现为正相关；在234～0 m深度段内，磁化率大小与中值粒径大小表现为正相关，与1～3Φ粒级组分百分含量表现为密切的正相关；247～234 m深度段是上述两种相关性变化的一个过渡阶段。环境磁学实验结果也揭示出在上下两个深度段内磁性矿物组成上也存在差异。这种不同深度段内磁化率与粒度组分相关性上的大的变化，以及磁性矿物组成上的差异共同揭示出，在深度247～234 m这段沉积物的沉积过程中，苏北盆地内可能发生了一次重大的事件，正是这次重大事件的发生导致了碎屑沉积物来源的改变，出现了上下两部分磁化率大小与粒度组分相关性上的差异。     

Age-related changes of leaf traits and stoichiometry in an alpine shrub (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhododendron agglutinatum</Emphasis>) along altitudinal gradient

Leaf morphological and stoichiometric characteristics are considered to represent both the interior inheritable characters in the plant and its adaptations to specific exterior environments. Rhododendron agglutinatum, an evergreen alpine shrub species, occupies a wide range of habitats above timberline in the Miyaluo Natural Reserve, southwestern China. Along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 3700 to 4150 m, we measured leaf morphological characters including leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), and one leaf area (OLA), as well as carbon (C) and nutrient (N, P) contents in leaves of three different age groups (juvenile leaves, mature leaves and senescent leaves). We also calculated the stoichiometric relationships among carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P and N/P). Results showed that both age and altitude affected the leaf morphological and stoichiometric properties of R. agglutinatum. Mature leaves possessed the highest LDMC, LMA and C contents both on a dry mass basis and on a unit area basis. Younger leaves possessed higher contents of nutrients. OLA as well as ratios between carbon and nutrients (C/N, C/P) increased with ages. Juvenile leaves possessed lowest ratio between nitrogen and phosphorus. In juvenile leaves, nutrients increased with altitudinal elevation, whereas other traits decreased. In mature leaves, nutrients and their ratios with carbon showed consistent trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude, whereas LMA and carbon on a unit area basis showed opposite trends with juvenile leaves along increasing altitude. In senescent leaves, only content of phosphorus on a unit area basis and N/P were found linearly correlated with altitude. Our results demonstrated a clear pattern of nutrient distribution with aging process in leaves and indicated that a high possibility of N limitation in this region. We also concluded that younger leaves could be more sensitive to climate changes due to a greater altitudinal influence on the leaf traits in younger leaves than those in elder leaves.