Intermediate high-pressure exhumation of the northern segment of the Sanbagawa belt, Saruta-gawa area, central Shikoku, Japan

The retrograde chemical zonal structure of amphibole in hematite-bearing basic and quartz schists from the higher grade zone in the Saruta-gawa area of the Sanbagawa belt was studied to investigate the relationships between the prograde and retrograde P–T paths of the Sanbagawa metamorphism. This amphibole coexists with chlorite, epidote, muscovite, albite, quartz and hematite, and is composed of Al-rich core and Al-poor mantle. The core is fairly homogeneous and has a barroisitic composition. In the mantle part, ^[B]Na increases with decreasing ^[4]Al towards the margins, which have winchite–magnesioriebeckite compositions. The barroisite–winchite–magnesioriebeckite composite crystal is sometimes rimmed by actinolite and/or winchite with low ^[4]Al and ^[B]Na. The Al-rich core and Al-poor mantle are regarded as prograde and retrograde products, respectively. The retrograde mantle in the Saruta-gawa area: (1) is systematically richer in ^[B]Na [0.40–1.73 per formula unit (pfu; for O=23)] than that from the same grade zone in the Asemi-gawa area (0.19–0.78 pfu), about 8 km south of the studied area; (2) tends to be ^[B]Na-poorer (less than 1.73 pfu) than prograde sodic amphibole (up to 1.93 ^[B]Na pfu) produced in the peak temperature stage from the lower grade zone in the same and other areas; and (3) extends its compositional range towards higher ^[B]Na and lower ^[4]Al than prograde-formed amphibole from the same grade zone in the same area. These zonal characteristics imply that (1) the Saruta-gawa samples experienced retrograde metamorphism under higher P/T conditions than the Asemi-gawa samples, (2) the retrograde P–T path of the Saruta-gawa area passes on the lower pressure side of the metamorphic field gradient, and (3) the Saruta-gawa samples underwent retrograde metamorphism under higher P/T conditions than the prograde metamorphism. The higher P/T conditions of the retrograde metamorphism suggests an increasing dP/dT of the geotherm during exhumation. Retrograde P–T conditions during the formation of magnesioriebeckite can be roughly estimated at 7–8 kbar, 400–450°C based on semi-quantitative phase relations of actinolite–winchite–magnesioriebeckite–barroisite series associated with chlorite, epidote, muscovite, albite, quartz and hematite.     

Mantle heterogeneity beneath the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: trace element evidence for contamination of ambient asthenospheric mantle

We report new trace element data for an extensive suite of quench basalt glasses dredged from the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 40°S and 52.5°S. Ratios between highly incompatible trace elements are strongly correlated and indicate a systematic distribution of incompatible element enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) (E-type: Zr/Nb=5.9-19, Y/Nb=0.9-8.4, (La/Sm)_n=1.0-2.9) and incompatible element depleted MORB (N-type: Zr/Nb=30-69, Y/Nb=11-29, (La/Sm)_n=0.48-0.79) along this section of the southern MAR. A notable feature of N-type MORB from the region is the higher than usual Ba/Nb (4-9), La/Nb (1.2-2.4) and primitive mantle normalised K/Nb ratios (>1). Ba/Nb ratios in E-type MORB samples from 47.5 to 49°S are especially elevated (>10). The occurrence and geographic distribution of E-type MORB along this section of the southern MAR can be correlated with the ridge-centred Shona and off-axis Discovery mantle plumes. In conjunction with published isotope data for a subset of the same sample suite [Douglass et al., J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 2941], a model is developed whereby prior to the breakup of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean, the underlying asthenospheric mantle was locally contaminated by fluids/melts rising from the major Mesozoic subduction zone along the south-southwest boundary of Gondwana, leaving a subduction zone geochemical imprint (elevated (K/Nb)_n and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, decreased ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios). Subsequent impingement of three major mantle plume heads (Tristan/Gough, Discovery, Shona) resulted in heating and thermal erosion of the lowermost subcontinental lithosphere and dispersal into the convecting asthenospheric mantle. With the opening of the ocean basin, continued plume upwelling led to plume-ridge interactions and mixing between geochemically enriched mantle derived from the Shona and Discovery mantle plumes, material derived from delamination of the subcontinental lithosphere, and mildly subduction zone contaminated depleted asthenospheric mantle.     

中国东部富钾埃达克岩成因的实验约束

Adakite在地球化学上具明显特征的火山岩和深成花岗岩类岩石，见于洋内岛孤环境和大陆孤，如安底斯孤。在洋内岛孤，由热的消减的大洋岩石圈熔融形成（叫做“板片熔融”），而在大陆孤，熔融曾发生在构造或岩浆加厚的下地壳底（叫做“下地壳熔融”）。在这两种产状环境中，adakite的鲜明地球化学特征被认为是起因子，一种不同程度含水的变质基性原岩在足够深度上的部分熔融，这里的足够深度是指可使石榴子石在残余结晶组合（即石榴角闪石和/或榴辉石的残余）中保持稳定的深度。“原始”或“母”adakite熔体一旦形成，便可能在其向上运移和侵位上地壳期间受到同化作用（或是地幔，或是大陆物质）和结晶分异作用的改造。中国东部晚中生代（早中白垩世，160-110Ma）的adakite,与见于同一地区和其它地方的钠质adakite相比，通常富含钾(K2O)和其它大离子亲石元素（如Ba,Th,U），有较低的Na2O/K2O比值（-1.0-1.1）,类似于玄武岩在石榴角闪岩-榴辉岩相含水熔融实验中所产生adakite熔体，要么是由洋壳板片熔融所形成，要么是由不同成分的玄武质下地壳原岩部分熔融所形成。尽管有些成分差异，它们的总体化学特征仍然可将中国东部的富钾花岗岩类岩石定均adakite。我们把这些富钾的adakite的独特化学行特征，归因于成分来源的特殊性，或adakite母岩浆遭受了同化混染和结晶分异(AFC)作用的改造。虽然中国东部与消减带环境明显不同这一点表明，那里的adakite可由板块底部侵位的（岩浆加厚的）镁铁质下地壳部分熔融所形成，但燕山运动期间中国东部存在“平坦”俯冲的地球动力学环境是可能被排除的。