汶川Ms8.0级地震前后天气温度的异常变化

根据国内12个大中城市的12个气象站实际测量的2008年5月份31天的天气最低温度和最高温度共744个数据,结合曲线图对其特征进行对比研究,表明:①南宁市和广州市的低温,北京市和济南市的高温、低温,该月最低值都出现在5月12日汶川地震当天;②其他城市该月低温最低值出现的时间为:哈尔滨市9日,西宁市10日,西安市、郑州市...     

Comparison of Submicron Particles at a Rural and an Urban Site in the North China Plain during the December 2016 Heavy Pollution Episodes

An extensive field experiment for measurement of physical and chemical properties of aerosols was conducted at an urban site in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) in Beijing and at a rural site in Gucheng (GC), Hebei Province in December 2016. This paper compares the number size distribution of submicron particle matter (PM1, diameter < 1 μm) between the two sites. The results show that the mean PM1 number concentration at GC was twice that at CAMS, and the mass concentration was three times the amount at CAMS. It is found that the accumulation mode (100–850 nm) particles constituted the largest fraction of PM1 at GC, which was significantly correlated with the local coal combustion, as confirmed by a significant relationship between the accumulation mode and the absorption coefficient of soot particles. The high PM1 concentration at GC prevented the occurrence of new particle formation (NPF) events, while eight such events were observed at CAMS. During the NPF events, the mass fraction of sulfate increased significantly, indicating that sulfate played an important role in NPF. The contribution of regional transport to PM1 mass concentration was approximately 50% at both sites, same as that of the local emission. However, during the red-alert period when emission control took place, the contribution of regional transport was notably higher.     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

通过汇总基础数据,计算了中国大陆2000年高时空分辨率的黑碳排放源清单。基础数据主要来源于政府部门,包括社会－经济数据、化石燃料和生物质燃料消耗数据等,绝大部分为县级水平。一些新的、中国特有的排放因子也在计算中被使用,计算出的全国和各地区的排放量使用了0.2°×0.2°经纬度网格来显示。计算的黑碳总排放量为149.94万t,主要由燃煤和燃烧生物质所致。这一排放结果比以前的清单要高,主要是因为乡镇企业和农村居民燃煤的排放量以前被低估了。东部地区的排放量比西部地区要大。黑碳的排放具有较强的季节性,1月和12月的排放量最大,7月和8月排放量较小;排放的季节性主要是由居民采暖的季节性所致。     

台风“利奇马”远距离暴雨的关键动力因子和水汽来源

基于地面加密观测、ERA5再分析、ECMWF全球集合预报等多源资料,利用敏感性分析方法、涡度收支诊断方法以及拉格朗日水汽追踪方法,探讨1909号台风“利奇马”造成远距离暴雨的关键动力因子和水汽来源。结果表明,对流层低层短波槽的加深有利于台风远距离降水(Tropical cyclone Remote Precipitation,TRP)区南北两侧的气流共同增强TRP区域内的低层相对涡度,从而增强TRP。尤其相对涡度的散度项是影响TRP增强或减弱的关键作用项。在TRP增强阶段,有利于暴雨增强的正涡度主要由散度项贡献。负的散度项贡献导致相对涡度减小,TRP雨强也随即减弱。在水汽方面,TRP雨强和区域内的水汽含量密切相关。500 hPa上TRP区域内的水汽由局地和台风“利奇马”共同贡献;700 hPa的水汽主要由“利奇马”台风贡献;850 hPa的水汽则由局地和两个台风共同输送,其中台风“罗莎”的贡献更大一些。     

冻结粉质黏土三轴抗压强度和变形特性试验研究

通过对-6℃冻结粉质黏土在1～9 MPa的围压范围内进行一系列的三轴压缩试验,分析了冻土的变形和强度特性.结果表明：不同围压下,冻结粉质黏土的应力-应变曲线形态基本相似,而软化程度及初始阶段的硬化速率则有所不同.根据摩尔-库仑准则,得到广义黏聚力和广义内摩擦角随围压的变化规律,同时基于包络线理论建立非线性强度准则,以描述冻结粉质黏土强度随围压先增大后减小的变化规律.     

Mass Concentration and Mineralogical Characteristics Aerosol Particles Collected at Dunhuang During ACE-Asia

Measurements were performed in spring 2001 and 2002 to determine the characteristics of soil dust in the Chinese desert region of Dunhuang, one of the ground sites of the Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). The mean mass concentrations of total suspended particle matter during the spring of 2001 and 2002 were 317 μg m-3 and 307 μg m-3, respectively. Eleven dust storm events were observed with a mean aerosol concentration of 1095 μg m-3, while the non-dusty days with calm or weak wind speed had a background aerosol loading of 196 μg m-3 on average in the springtime.The main minerals detected in the aerosol samples by X-ray diffraction were illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz,feldspar, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum, halite and amphibole were also detected in a few samples. The mineralogical data also show that Asian dust is characterized by a kaolinite to chlorite (K/C) ratio lower than 1 whereas Saharan dust exhibits a K/C ratio larger than 2. Air mass back-trajectory analysis show that three families of pathways are associated with the aerosol particle transport to Dunhuang, but these have similar K/C ratios, which further demonstrates that the mineralogical characteristics of Asian dust are different from African dust.     

A study on groundwater recharge in the Anyanghe River alluvial fan,North China Plain,based on hydrochemistry,stable isotopes and tritium

Studies on groundwater recharge are essential for sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources, especially in areas of extensive groundwater exploitation such as the Anyanghe River alluvial fan (ARAF) in the North China Plain (NCP). However, the recharge sources and processes and the contribution of each recharge flow component remain unclear. This study used hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and tritium to investigate sources and underlying processes of groundwater recharge, along with the steady flow Mixing Cell Model (MCMsf) to quantify the proportion of each source flow for the shallow confined groundwater system in the medial fan. The results showed that groundwater mainly originates from precipitation occurring on the eastern Taihang Mountain area with average elevation estimated at 700–1,000 m above sea level during the East Asia summer monsoon period since 1952. Recharge mechanisms are: (1) river water seepage for the unconfined aquifers of the proximal and medial fan; (2) lateral flow for the confined aquifers of the medial and distal fan; and (3) precipitation infiltration for the phreatic water system. The MCMsf simulation showed that the shallow confined groundwater system in the central zone of the medial fan mainly recharged by the lateral flow from the proximal fan, a constant and considerable recharge flow from the southwestern and southern hills, and river water seepage in the medial fan; the lateral recharge flow from the Zhanghe alluvial aquifer was insignificant by comparison. The results of this study can act as a valuable reference for sustainable groundwater management in the ARAF.

     

基于FEFLOW的三维土壤-地下水耦合铬污染数值模拟研究

`土壤-地下水耦合数值模拟是定量刻画水流和溶质运移的主要手段。现有大范围场地尺度的研究受到数据采集难度及模拟计算量的限制,多是将土壤和地下水分成两个系统,这种方式不利于模型之间的计算反馈,易出现计算误差,因此将土壤和地下水作为整体系统研究具有重要意义。为精确刻画实际场地土壤-地下水系统中污染物迁移规律,揭示变饱和反应溶质迁移模型的参数敏感性,以某铬污染场地为研究对象,基于现场试验及前人研究所获数据,采用Galerkin有限元法建立三维土壤-地下水模型,定量描述六价铬在土壤-地下水中的迁移规律。在此基础上,通过改变补给条件,研究潜水面在土壤-地下水系统中的波动。并讨论阻滞系数和反应常数对溶质运移的影响。结果表明：在土壤中,污染物最大水平迁移距离为场地东南侧300 m;地下水中污染晕最大分布面积约为1.632 km2;垂向上土壤中的六价铬仅需15.6 h即可下渗至潜水面,第6天贯穿含水层。当潜水面随着补给量变化而波动时,地下水中六价铬会随水流进入土壤,影响土壤中污染分布。对溶质运移参数的讨论显示,当反应常数由0增大至10−6 s-1时,迁移出场区边界时地下水中污染物浓度约减少2000 mg/L,较难迁移至涟水河。基于FEFLOW的数值模型,能够解决各系统之间交互性差的问题,提供较为精确的模拟结果。     

APEC前后北京几次静稳天气边界层特征对比分析

对北京地区2014年11月3-11日APEC会议期间的大气扩散条件与2014年10月的4次雾-霾过程进行对比分析,表明APEC会议期间静稳天气指数略低于10月4次过程,具备一定的污染物积累潜势。数值模拟结果表明,对北京及周边地区污染排放的控制是APEC期间北京保持低水平气溶胶浓度的重要原因。周边地区污染物传输以及特殊地形条件下山谷风环流的日变化对北京地区污染物浓度的区域分布及演变有重要影响,夜间地形北风对近地面污染物有明显清除作用。相较于重污染天气,APEC期间气溶胶浓度低,温度效应小,山谷风环流明显,同时白天混合层高度上升幅度大,有利于污染物扩散。减排使气溶胶浓度减小,而低浓度气溶胶又使污染扩散条件进一步好转的相互反馈作用,是"APEC蓝"出现的主要原因。     

The impact of meteorological changes from 2013 to 2017 on PM2.5 mass reduction in key regions in China

Science China Earth Sciences - In 2013, China issued the “Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution” (“Ten Statements of Atmosphere”) and implemented a...