Rock crevices determine woody and herbaceous plant cover in the karst critical zone

The study of the critical zones(CZs) of the Earth link the composition and function of aboveground vegetation with the characteristics of the rock layers, providing a new way to study how the unique rock and soil conditions in karst regions affect the aboveground vegetation. Based on survey results of the rocks, soils and vegetation in the dolomite and limestone distribution areas in the karst area of central Guizhou, it was found that woody plant cover increases linearly with the number of cracks with a width of more than 1 mm, while the cover of herbaceous plants shows the opposite trend(p0.01). The dolomite distribution area is characterized by undeveloped crevices, and the thickness of the soil layer is generally less than 20 cm, which is suitable for the distribution of herbaceous plants with shallow roots. Due to the development of crevices in the limestone distribution area, the soil is deeply distributed through the crevices for the deep roots of trees, which leads to a diversified species composition and a complicated structure in the aboveground vegetation. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) remote sensing data from 2001 to 2010, the normalized differentiated vegetation index(NDVI) and annual net primary productivity(NPP) results for each phase of a 16-day interval further indicate that the NDVI of the limestone distribution area is significantly higher than that in the dolomite distribution area, but the average annual NPP is the opposite. The results of this paper indicate that in karst CZs, the lithology determines the structure and distribution of the soil, which further determines the cover of woody and herbaceous plants in the aboveground vegetation. Although the amount of soil in the limestone area may be less than that in the dolomite area, the developed crevice structure is more suitable for the growth of trees with deep roots, and the vegetation activity is strong. At present, the treatment of rocky desertification in karst regions needs to fully consider the rock-soilvegetation-air interactions in karst CZs and propose vegetation restoration measures suitable for different lithologies.     

地震观测仪器自动监控软件设计与实现

结合地震地球物理观测台网台站监测工作实际,研制一款地震观测仪器自动监控软件。该软件适用于不同网络环境下IP类仪器设备的网络实时或定时自动监控,地球物理观测类仪器时钟、状态和观测数据的定时自动监控,能自动识别当日观测数据中的无效数据、变幅异常、干扰、地震和限幅等信息,无需借助其他硬件和软件即可将告警信息以短信方式发送给值班人员和管理人员,可实现对仪器原始观测数据的自动备份和手动恢复,及对仪器的一键重启和校正时钟等控制类操作,无需跨平台操作即可查看当日观测数据曲线及分析数据的完整性和有效性,从而实现对仪器的统一高效管理。     

以颗粒物理原理认识汶川M_W 7.9地震发生前临震预滑和震颤现象

发生在孕震区周边地块上的临震预滑和震颤现象,对破坏性地震预测有一定前兆意义,是值得地震学界关注的问题。选取2008年5月12日汶川M_W 7.9地震发生前,临夏和湟源地震台分量应变仪记录与临夏、恩施和西安地震台数字地震仪记录以及临夏和周至地震台深井水位仪记录,分析发现,在临震前数天至数小时,上述各地震台不同学科观测仪器均记录到一些"跃变"和"震颤"震相。文中试图以颗粒物理原理,来认识不同距离、不同台站、不同学科的观测仪器在临震前相近时间段内记录的低频和高频震相,可能是不同地块在临震前发生预滑错动后激发的预滑震相Xp和地下气体在裂隙内流动激发的震颤震相Tp。观测结果表明:2008年5月8日03时至主震发生,各地震台所处地块在相近时段内逐次发生次数不等的预滑错动,其中1—2次较大错动可在噪声背景中被识别;各地震台预滑错动方向指向或背向主震震中。据此认为:汶川M_W7.9地震前,上述各地震台所处地块在不同大小、不同方向的力链驱动下,发生指向或背向主震震中的临震预滑现象。     

百度地图位置解析技术在地震应急基础数据库的应用

分析百度地图位置解析技术功能及特点,提出使用地址解析及坐标转换功能,对地震应急基础属性数据进行解析,实现基础属性数据空间化,设计地理坐标纠偏算法,提高地震应急基础数据的可用性,为地震应急工作提供数据保障。该算法操作简单,运行快捷,解决了地震应急基础数据库中属性数据及时更新的关键技术问题。     

Novel uniaxial concrete constitutive model considering bond-slip effect

A uniaxial concrete constitutive model considering the bond-slip effect is proposed and its finite element analysis (FEA) implementation on a fiber section     

Cold water anomalies in the middle layer of the northern Taiwan Strait in spring—a numerical approach

Ocean Dynamics - Cold water anomalies were found in the middle layer in the northern Taiwan Strait in the spring of 2015. The cold water was located at a depth of approximately...     

2018年2月12日河北永清4.3级地震强震动记录分析

2018年2月12日河北省廊坊市永清县发生4.3级地震,震中位于廊固凹陷内的河西务断裂附近,国家强震动台网中心获取74组强震动记录,本文对触发台站进行场地分类,结果显示大部分为Ⅰ类场地(51.35%),其次为Ⅱ类场地(35.14%)和Ⅲ类场地(13.51%)。根据5个典型台站加速度时程记录及反应谱分析本次地震强震动特征,并对各台站峰值加速度反应谱与方位角和震中距的关系进行分析。采用克里格插值方法绘制地震仪器烈度分布图,由于台站分布不均,导致极震区附近烈度影响场计算缺值现象,本文通过拟合本次地震强震动记录得到该地区地震动衰减关系,在空白区域建立空间随机假设台站进行补点插值,解决了计算缺值问题,为缺少台站记录的震区提供准确快速制作烈度分布图的思路,为震害调查和地震应急救援提供重要依据。     

利用谱聚类方法研究新丰江库区的震源机制解

为检验震源机制解谱聚类方法的实用性,选择新丰江库区为研究区域,利用FOCMEC方法反演了该区域2012年1月1日—2018年12月31日M_L2.0以上地震的震源机制解,并对其进行了谱聚类分析,最终获得该区域7种震源机制解类型;通过分析每种类型的震源机制解特征及其时空分布特征,探讨了震源机制解类型分布与区域构造的关系。结果表明:(1)新丰江库区地震破裂类型以正断型为主,兼有部分倾滑分量,其次为走滑型;(2)不同类型的震源机制解具有区域性的空间分布特征,主要受不同的构造背景影响,反映了新丰江库区地震活动和构造特征之间的关系;(3)不同类型震源机制解所描述的断裂分布反映了峡谷及大坝区库水渗透的构造条件,解释了区域地震频发的可能原因;(4)每种类型的震源机制解在研究时间范围内数量变化较为稳定。     

Spatial distribution and behavior of dissolved selenium speciation in the South China Sea and Malacca Straits during spring inter-monsoon period

Selenium(Se) has been recognized as a key trace element that is associated with growth of primary producers in oceans. During March and May 2018, surface water(67 samples) was collected and measured by HG-ICP-MS to investigate the distribution and behavior of selenite [Se(IV)], selenate [Se(VI)] and dissolved organic selenides(DOSe) concentrations in the Zhujiang River Estuary(ZRE), South China Sea(SCS) and Malacca Straits(MS). It showed that Se(IV)(0.14–3.44 nmol/L) was the dominant chemical species in the ZRE, related to intensive manufacture in the watershed; while the major species shifted to DOSe(0.05–0.79 nmol/L) in the MS, associated with the wide coverage of peatland and intensive agriculture activities in the Malaysian Peninsula. The SCS was identified as the northern and southern sections(NSCS and SSCS) based on the variations of surface circulation.The insignificant variation of Se(IV) in the NSCS and SSCS was obtained in March, potentially resulting from the high chemical activity and related preferential assimilation by phytoplankton communities. Contrastively, the lower DOSe concentrations in the SSCS likely resulted from higher primary production and utilization during March. During May, the concentration of Se(IV) remained low in the NSCS and SSCS, while DOSe concentrations increased notably in the SSCS, likely due to the impact of terrestrial inputs from surface current reversal and subsequent accumulation. On a global scale, DOSe is the dominant Se species in tropical oceans, while Se(IV) and Se(VI) are major fractions in high-latitude oceans, resulting from changes in predominated phytoplankton and related biological assimilation.     

地震应急信息汇聚与发布平台构建

针对震后灾情获取缓慢且碎片化、决策支持不到位、灾情服务缺位等问题,探讨了地震应急信息汇聚与发布平台的设计与构建,运用大数据、云计算技术,汇聚破裂过程、快速评估、辅助决策等各类地震应急产出,实现了各类地震应急信息的自动汇集、全流程模型计算、综合展示等功能,在地震灾情决策支持及地震应急信息服务中发挥了重要作用。