Research Development and Perspective on Slow Slip, Tremors, and Slow Earthquakes

Seismological and geodetic observations indicate that slow slip sometimes occurs in active fault zones beneath the seismogenic depth, and large slow slip can result in transient ground motion. Slow earthquakes, on the other hand, emit tremor-like signals within a narrow frequency band, and usually produce no catastrophic consequences. In general, slow slip and slow earthquakes probably correspond to deformation processes associated with releasing elastic energy in fault zones, and understanding their mechanisms may help improve our understanding of fault zone dynamic processes. This article reviews the research progress on slow slip and slow earthquakes over the last decade. Crustal motion and tremor activities associated with slow slip and slow earthquakes have been investigated extensively, mainly involving locating sources of slow slip and slow earthquakes and numerical modeling of their processes. In the meantime, debates have continued about slow slip and slow earthquakes, such as their origins, relationship, and mechanisms.     

Relief degree of land surface and its influence on population distribution in China

The relief degree of land surface (RDLS) is an important factor for describing the landform at macro-scales. This study defines a concept for RDLS and applies the concept for population distribution study of the entire country. Based on the concept and macro-scale digital elevation model datum and ARC/INFO software, the RDLS at a 10 km×10 km grid size of China is extracted. This paper depicts systemically the spatial distributions of RDLS through analyzing the ratio structure and altitudinal characters of RDLS in China. The con-clusions are drawn as follows: the RDLS in more than 63% of the area is less than one (1) (relative altitude is less than 500 m), reflecting the fact that most of RDLS in China is low. In general, the RDLS in the west is larger than that in the east and so is the south than that of the north in China. The RDLS decreases with the increase of longitude and latitude and the change of RDLS at the latitudes of 28°N, 35°N, 42°N, as well as at the longitudes of 85°E, 102°E, 115°E could reflect the three major ladders of China. In the vertical direction, the RDLS increases with the increase of altitude. Analysis of the correlation between RDLS and population distribution in China and its regional difference shows that the R2 value between RDLS and population density is 0.91 and RDLS is an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of population. More than 85% of the people in China live in areas where the RDLS is less than one (1), while the population in areas with RDLS greater than 3 accounts only for 0.57% of the total. The regional difference of correlation between RDLS and population within China is significant and such correlation is significant in Central China and South China and weak in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.     

基于分县尺度的中国人口分布适宜度研究

以人口空间分布及其与资源环境和社会经济协调性评价为核心,提出了一整套人口与资源环境和经济社会发展协调水平评价的指标体系与模型方法;以分县为基本单元,定量评价了2010 年中国人口与资源环境和社会经济发展的协调性和协调程度;根据人口分布适宜度高低和限制性差别,划分了中国分县人口分布适宜等级和限制类型,定量揭示了中国不同地区人口与资源环境和社会经济协调发展的时空格局和地域特征。研究表明：① 2010 年中国有3/5 以上的县（市、区） 人口分布与人居环境基本适宜,中国分县人口分布与人居环境自然适宜性保持了高度一致性;② 2010 年中国有1/2 以上的县（市、区） 人口发展基本不受水土资源约束,分县人口分布与水土资源适宜性处于中等水平;③ 2010 年中国有超3/5 的县（市、区） 人口与社会经济发展基本协调,人口分布的社会经济协调性良好;④ 2010 年中国近3/5 的县（市、区） 人口分布适宜度在60 以上,人口资源环境与发展处于基本协调或相对协调状态;⑤2010 年中国分县人口资源环境与发展的协调程度东部优于中部、中部优于西部;⑥ 2010 年中国分县人口分布适宜度可划分为人口资源环境与发展基本协调、相对协调、有待协调和亟待协调4个适宜等级与10 个限制类型。     

基于手机短信自动定位的地震灾情速报系统

基于手机自动定位的地震灾情速报系统是依托目前手机广泛使用于福建省各乡镇、街道以及绝大部分行政村这一有利条件而研制的。在分析地震灾情速报系统工作流程的基础上设计了该系统,并划分系统功能模块。讨论了系统实现中的关键技术,如反距离权重插值、基于ArcGISServer的开发WebGIS系统架构等。最后通过地震事件实例展示了系统的实际应用效果。     

Research on Land Resource Carrying Capacity: Progress and Prospects

As an important part of resource and environment carrying capacity (RECC), land resource carrying capacity (LRCC) has focused on the limiting factors on regional development from the scale of land resources for more than two hundred years. After a brief review of the origin and early development of LRCC, the progress of LRCC is summarized as a progression from land resource population carrying capacity (LPCC) to land resource comprehensive carrying capacity (LCCC), and the hot issues of LRCC have changed from the simple human-grain relationship to more complex social and economic activities-land resources relationships. The corresponding research methods also evolved, from static research to dynamic research, and the assessment factor have evolved from a single factor to a comprehensive index system. Agro-ecological zoning (AEZ), system dynamics (SD), ecological footprint (EF), and comprehensive evaluation methods have come to be viewed as the most representative methods of LRCC in recent years. As a focus of conventional LRCC research, the human-grain relationship still plays a significant role in LRCC evaluation because grain remains the top limiting factor of land resources and is the most significant criterion in the balance between regional population and land resources, especially for very populous countries. More attention should be paid to the accurate calculation of arable land and average food consumption levels to improve the scientific basis of LRCC evaluation. The development of science and technology and the variation of lifestyle are also important factors that influence regional LRCC. As a new topic of LRCC, LCCC has expanded the research field of LRCC in an attempt to reveal the limiting effects of land resource under open systems, but some issues such as carrying mechanism research and the combination of theoretical and applied research are needed in future studies to promote the further development of LCCC.     

Exploitation,Utilization Status,and Development Prospects of Water Resources in Ningbo City

Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that: (1) The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing. (2) The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51-23.35 during 2001-2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available. (3) Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required.     

基于GIS的中国人居环境指数模型的建立与应用

以1km×1km 栅格为基本单元, 选取地形、气候、水文、植被等自然因子, 构建了基 于人居环境指数的中国人居环境自然适宜性评价模型, 运用GIS 技术, 定量评价了中国不同 地区的人居环境自然适宜性, 揭示了中国人居环境的自然格局与地域特征。研究表明： 中国 人居环境指数整体呈现由东南沿海向西北内陆递减的趋势; 人居环境指数与人口密度显著相 关, 二者的对数曲线拟合度R² 值高达0.87, 人居环境指数可以综合反映区域人居环境的自然 适宜程度。中国人居环境自然适宜性评价结果显示, 中国人居环境适宜地区430.47×10⁴ km² , 接近国土面积的45%, 相应人口占全国的96.56%, 其中3/4 以上的人口集聚在约占1/4 人居 环境高度适宜和比较适宜地区; 中国人居环境临界适宜地区225.11×10⁴ km² , 占国土面积的 23.45%, 相应人口4112 万, 占全国的3.24%, 人口密度每平方公里18 人, 是中国人居环境 适宜与否的过渡地区; 中国人居环境不适宜地区304.42×10⁴ km², 人口249 万, 不到全国的 0.2%, 人口密度每平方公里不足1 人, 大片地区沦为“无人区”。     

2010年7月下旬甘肃省持续高温天气成因

利用实时观测资料和物理量诊断对2010年7月26～31日出现的甘肃区域性持续高温天气成因进行了分析。结果表明,对流层上层青藏高压、中层大陆高压、低层高原暖脊、地面热低压是造成这次持续高温天气的主要影响系统。青藏高压季节性北抬与东移,为持续高温天气的发生发展提供了大尺度环流背景条件;青藏高压与大陆高压相互叠加形成深厚的暖性高压系统,由其引起的晴空区辐射增温和下沉绝热增温,是造成持续高温天气的直接原因;高原暖脊和地面热低压发展东移引起的地面气温上升,是造成这次持续高温天气的重要原因;另外,大气湿度小,上层辐合、低层辐散、强反气旋环流并伴有下沉运动的空间动力场结构是这次持续高温天气形成的重要条件。     

一种指挥部技术系统可移动监控方法

为适应新时期科技人员和管理人员对陆海联测指挥部技术系统的自动化、智能化监控要求,以提升指挥部技术系统监控和管理水平为目标,在历年陆海联测的基础上,设计并实现基于ONVIF协议的可移动监控系统。利用视频编码器将指挥部技术系统的输出信号转换为ONVIF协议的标准视频流,通过局域网接入硬盘录像机,最终在移动终端上安装硬盘录像机客户端,进而实现对指挥部技术系统的可移动监控。在实际灾害应急救援过程中,可为应急指挥与辅助决策人员,特别是前方决策人员提供各类技术系统信息,便于采取高效准确的救援措施,提高灾害处置能力,最大限度地减轻灾害造成的人员伤亡和经济损失。     

新疆北部石炭纪盆地构造演化与油气成藏

根据油田近期勘探资料及前人研究成果,在新疆北部地区石炭系沉积前构造背景分析的基础上,对石炭纪盆地沉积构造演化进行了研究,该区具有微地块、多拼合、弱固结、构造活跃等盆地形成背景,经历了早石炭世、晚石炭世两期盆地的形成、发展与消亡过程,二叠纪—新生代是石炭纪盆地的改造演化期。石炭纪火山岩广泛发育,结合前人研究成果,通过盆地覆盖区钻井样品的地球化学综合分析,认为该区石炭纪整体处于拉张的构造环境。通过石炭系的沉积与分布特征,认为早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化受早期构造的控制,具有继承性、方向性和新生性的特点。石炭纪末期的构造事件基本结束了该区的海相盆地的演化,进入陆内盆地演化期,石炭纪盆地遭受埋藏或隆升改造,经历了海西晚期、印支期、燕山期以及喜马拉雅期的构造改造作用,存在埋藏、隆升剥蚀、岩浆热改造、断裂、褶皱变形等多类型的改造作用,各地区的改造特点存在差异。油气勘探成果证实,石炭系是新疆北部重要的勘探层系,在早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化期都形成了优质的烃源岩,火山岩系既是油气的储集层,也是重要的盖层,盆地的多期改造事件不仅有利于火山岩储层物性改善,也形成了石炭系有利的油气圈闭,目前已经发现了石炭系自生自储和上生下储的油气藏类型,油气的分布特征显示了石炭系自生自储油气藏具有近源分布特征。因此,加强盆地形成演化研究,圈定沉降中心和烃源岩的分布对于油气勘探具有重要意义。