台特玛湖湿地保护研究

台特玛湖位于塔里木盆地东北隅,属新疆若羌县,是现塔里木河和车尔臣河的归宿地。它是由阿尔金山山前平原和塔里木河及车尔臣河冲积平原交汇处的低地积水形成的,过去曾与罗布泊相通。湖泊沉积物以细沙为主,在强劲的东北风吹蚀下,极易就地起沙。1982~1998年曾连续干涸17年,使湖西岸发展成强度沙漠化,若长期干涸,将会演变成一片沙海。这将会严重威胁218国道和将要修建的环塔里木盆地铁路以及新疆至青海铁路,对塔里木盆地东部重镇若羌的发展带来很大的影响。保护台特玛湿地,还可为候鸟迁徙提供栖息地,并可发展养鱼和育苇。湖面应保持最小面积为10~30km2,根据水面蒸发系数计算约需3000×104~4500×104m3的水量。入湖水量由塔里木河和车尔臣河各承担一半。要求塔里木河每年从大西海子下泄水量2.3×108m3,除维护下游绿色走廊生态用水外,可有1500×104~2500×104m3的水量入湖。车尔臣河向台特玛湖输水方便快捷,其上游不宜修建大型水库,使中下游水量达到1.5×108~2.0×108m3,保证所分担的水量不成问题,并通过对其下游三角洲整治,还可增加向台特玛湖的输水量,使之成为台特玛湖的主要补给水源。     

Field Test Research on Embankment Supported by Plastic Tube Cast-in-place Concrete Piles

The plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile (TC pile) with a small diameter consists of pre-driven plastic tube filled with concrete. Based on the case of TC pile-reinforced embankment on soft ground, and according to the monitoring data of the TC pile-reinforced embankment system, the treatment effect and reinforcement characteristics for this system were analyzed. The field monitoring results indicates that the critical height of embankment is about 1.1 times the pile net spacing, and the small-spacing arranged TC piles can be applied to low embankment engineering; the load share rate can reflect the degree of soil arching more better and steadily and exceeds 70 % at the end of monitoring period; the settlements of pile cap and soil between piles mainly occurs in the embankment construction period; the different settlement between pile cap and soil approaches the maximum and then reduces gradually when the embankment height is about 2.2 times the pile net spacing. The variation of layered settlement and pore water pressure illustrates that the embankment settlement is mainly caused by the compression of soils within pile length, which is about 90 % of the total settlement; the influence depth of pore water pressure is about 1/3 pile length.     

某建设用地土壤污染状况调查与评价

以安徽某块建设用地为研究对象,结合企业生产历史,识别地块疑似污染区域以及关注的污染物,参照国家技术要求布设土壤及地下水监测点.通过现场调查与采样测试,研究土壤及地下水中监测因子浓度及分布特征,对比国家现行标准分析得出检测因子未存在超标情况,评价地块环境风险可接受.     

贵州晴隆大厂锑矿尾矿(渣)潜在资源量与环境污染评价

为了解贵州晴隆大厂锑矿尾矿(渣)潜在资源量和环境污染情况,对大厂锑矿尾矿(渣)分布及堆存情况进行资料调研和实地调查,测定分析了尾矿(渣)及周围表层土壤中Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cd和Hg等重金属含量和土壤pH值等指标.结果 显示晴隆大厂锑矿尾矿(渣)锑的潜在资源量可达2.97万t,并伴生金583kg.晴隆大厂锑矿尾矿(渣)堆周围表层土壤pH平均值为4.74,属于酸性土壤;且研究区表层土壤重金属As和Sb受到了明显的污染,Cu、Zn和Cd可能受到一定程度的污染.此外,利用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染评价法和地累积指数法,对该区尾矿(渣)附近的表层土壤中重金属污染状况进行综合评价,均说明研究区表层土壤受到明显污染的重金属为Sb和As.建议考虑对该区尾矿(渣)中金属Sb和Au进行资源回收利用,这不但能达到变废为宝的目的 ,还能对尾矿(渣)进行减量化处理,减少其对周围环境产生的影响.     

Experiments on the primary migration of oil from source rocks

Simulation experiments on the primary migration of oil were carried out on massive samples. The results proved that oil generated from source rocks was expelled in the form of an independent oil phase. High oil-expulsion efficiency was observed. It follows that the primary migration of oil is not directly dependent on the quantity of oil generated from the source rocks. Therefore, the oil-expulsion proportion was high though some source rocks yielded only a limited amount of oil. A great deal of gas was produced at the same time of oil-generation. Thus, it can be concluded that the main expulsion energy for oil primary migration came from these gases.     

Numerical Observation of Three-Dimensional Wing Cracking of Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc Rock Specimen Subjected to Mixed Mode Loading

The cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) specimen has been suggested by International Society for Rock Mechanics for measuring mode I fracture toughness of rocks. Subsequently, this specimen geometry has been widely extended to conduct mixed mode fracture tests on rocks as well. A straight through crack front during the fracturing process upon the root of the chevron notch is assumed in the testing principle, but has never been thoroughly evaluated before. In this study, for the first time, the progressive rock fracture mechanism of the CCNBD rock specimen under mixed mode loading is numerically simulated. Specimens under representative mixed mode loading angles are modelled; and the assumption of the straight through crack front growth is critically assessed. The results show that not only the notch tip but also the saw-cut chevron notch cracks during the experiments, yielding a prominent twisted front, far from being straight. The crack front never grows up to the root of the notch ligament and the straight through crack front assumption is never satisfied in the realistic rock fracture progress of this chevron notched specimen subjected to mixed mode loads. In contrast, the fracture progress features typical three-dimensional wing cracking towards the loading ends. The numerically observed progressive fracture mechanism reveals that the measuring principle of mixed mode fracture tests employing CCNBD specimens is significantly violated and the measures of both modes I and II fracture toughness are uncertain.     

Impact of Indian ocean dipole on the coastal upwelling features off the southwest coast of India

A three-dimensional regional ocean model is used to examine the impact of positive Indian ocean dipole (pIOD) events on the coastal upwelling features at the southwest coast of India (SWCI). Two model experiments are carried out with different surface boundary conditions that prevailed in the normal and pIOD years from 1982 to 2010. Model experiments demonstrate the weakening of coastal upwelling at the SWCI in the pIOD years. The reduced southward meridional wind stress off the SWCI leads to comparatively lower offshore Ekman transport during August–October in the pIOD years to that in normal years. The suppressed coastal upwelling results in warmer sea surface temperature and deeper thermocline in the pIOD years during June–September. The offshore spatial extent of upwelled colder (<?22 °C) water was up to 75.5° E in August–September in normal years that was limited up to 76.2° E in pIOD years. The heat budget analysis reveals the decreased contribution of vertical entrainment process to the mixed layer cooling in pIOD years which is almost half of that of normal years in October. The net heat flux term shows warming tendency during May–November with a higher magnitude (+?0.4 °C day^?1) in normal years than pIOD years (+?0.28 °C day^?1). The biological productivity is found to reduce during the pIOD years as the concentration of phytoplankton and zooplankton decreases over the region of coastal upwelling at SWCI. Nitrate concentration in the pIOD years dropped by half during August–September and dropped by an order of magnitude in October as compared to its ambient concentration of 13 μmol L^?1 in normal years.     

The evolution of rock failure with discontinuities due to shear creep

A two-dimensional brittle creep model for rock provides insight into the initiation of shear fracture along weak discontinuities in rock. The model accounts for material heterogeneity and introduces the concept of a mesoscopic renormalization to capture the cooperative interaction between cracks in the transition from distributed to localized damage. A series of shear creep tests on rock with discontinuities were performed to simulate the initiation and propagation of crack along a pre-existing weakness under sustained shear stress and normal stress. The investigation showed that shear stress level and the normal stress level might have significant effect on the long-term behavior of rock with weak discontinuities. Moreover, a case study of rock slope instability was also investigated, where the numerically simulated instability failure of rock slope with discontinuities showed that both tensile and shear damage at the weakest elements are the trigger for the failure surface initiation in the rock slope. Once damage occurs, redistributed stress concentrations would then intensify fracture propagation and coalescence within these damage zones, leading to the progressive development of a failure surface. Moreover, failure surface extending is not only dominated by the properties and the position of discontinuities but also influenced remarkably by the complex interaction between existing discontinuities and fracture propagation. The results are of general interest because they can be applied to the investigation of time-dependent instability in rock masses, to the mitigation of associated rock hazards in rock engineering, and even to a better understanding of the physical phenomena governing the stability of rock slope.     

A Comparison of Methods for the Stochastic Simulation of Rock Fractures

Methods reported in the literature for rock fracture simulations include approaches based on stochastic geometry, multiple-point statistics and a combination of geostatistics for fracture density and object-based modelling for fracture geometries. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches are discussed with examples. By way of review, the authors begin with the geostatistical indicator simulation method, based on the truncated–Gaussian algorithm; this is followed by multiple-point statistical simulation and then the stochastic geometry approach, which is based on marked point process simulation. A new approach, based on pluriGaussian structural simulation, is then introduced. The new approach incorporates in the simulation the spatial correlation between different sets of fractures, which in general, is very difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish in the three methods reviewed. Each simulation method is summarised together with detailed simulation procedures for each. A published two-dimensional fracture dataset is used as a means of assessing the performance of each simulation method and of demonstrating the concepts discussed in the text.