Strategic assessment of fuel taxation in energy conservation and CO2 reduction for road transportation: a case study from China

Road transportation has attracted extensive attention throughout the world because of its high energy demands and numerous externalities. Sustainable road transportation has thus become a great challenge for politicians and decision-makers all over the world. There have been a series of studies indicating that appropriate pricing of fuel can be both effective and efficient for reducing overconsumption of transport fuel. However, relatively little research has been done on fuel price approaches in developing country contexts. For a country like China, where road traffic today is growing more than in other countries, there is a strategic interest to do more economic analyses of fair and efficient pricing of fuel. In this study, we present a strategic assessment of fuel pricing in energy conservation and CO₂ reduction from road transportation in China, both in a retrospective and a prospective perspective. First of all, the correlation between fuel price and road transport gasoline demand, based upon data from 1995 to 2007, was examined with an econometric model. Secondly, on basis of the elasticity model, the potential reductions with respect to fuel demand and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions as a consequence of a strategic fuel tax implementation in China were examined up to 2030. The results indicate that such strategic fuel taxation can play a considerable role in steering the growth of road transport gasoline demand, and thus also Chinese GHG emissions.     

小口径γ能谱深测井探管耐高温技术研究

为支撑我国热液型铀矿深部探测需求,结合我国自然γ能谱测井技术发展现状,研究了直径Φ59 mm的小口径γ能谱深测井探管耐高温技术。重点介绍探管材料、一体化机械结构、真空隔热技术及相变吸热技术,实测了γ能谱测井探管内部电路的热功耗,通过理论计算设计了耐高温探管连续工作15 h的相变材料体积。并在我国相山铀矿科学深钻CUSD1实际应用,结果表明在井下近110℃坏境下探管内部监测温度为64.19℃,满足γ能谱探管工作温度要求。     

CS404小口径超声成像测井探管研制

介绍了由核工业北京地质研究院自主研制的一型可用于铀矿勘查和开采领域的CS404小口径超声成像测井探管,其直径Φ40 mm、换能器工作频率为1.2 MHz、方位精度±1°、单圈成像扫描点数为180点、测井速度2 m/min时纵向分辨率为6.67 mm。在探管研制实现的基础上,进行了该型探管与QL40探管在室内模型和相山铀矿田CUSD1科学钻孔的对比测量试验,结果表明:CS404小口径超声成像测井探管声幅成像与时差成像对比明显、成像效果清晰,系统实现性能指标及成像结果均达到国外先进进口设备水平,能够为铀矿勘查和开采中的裂隙、破碎带识别以及产状提取提供一种全新的技术手段。     

针对一般倾角的走滑/倾滑位移理论公式的改进

对Savage走滑位移公式加以改进,使其在反映走滑断层特征的基础上包含断层的倾角信息,体现断层倾角对地表位移的影响。当断层不是直立时,结论如下：1）震间形变曲线的中心不在断层出露地表处,而在断层闭锁与滑动分界线在地表的投影处|2）断层倾角δ、断层闭锁深度d之间存在几何关系：tanδ=d/doffset|3）由于同震沿断层面破裂,其位置与震间形变曲线中心不一致,导致同震时上下盘位移不对称。此改进同样适用于倾滑断层。     

1991 ～ 2004 年GPS 观测到的中国大陆地壳动态变形特征

利用1991～2004年间的GPS资料和最小二乘配置方法计算了中国大陆现今地壳变形及其动态变化,结果表明,1991 ～2004年间中国大陆整体运动特征变化不大;西部特别是青藏高原及川滇地区应变速率存在显著高值;不同期的GPS资料显示地壳的动态变化与区域强震活动相关,如2004年的GPS资料明显指示出2001年昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震的震后变形特征.     

2008年汶川MS 8．0地震后GPS资料反映的龙门山断裂带南段地壳水平变形动态特征分析

本文对龙门山断裂带南段GPS位移时间序列进行了欧拉基准转换、最小二乘配置插值和滤波分析等数据后处理,并利用块体刚性一弹塑性运动一应变模型计算了龙门山南段各区域应变参数时间序列。结合各站点位移时间序列、速度场及各区域应变参数序列,分析发现2008年汶川M 8．0地震对龙门山南段的影响由西北至东南由大变小,引起最大变形速度达背景速度6倍,增强了隐伏断层对两侧地表影响的差异,使南段的地震危险性由北至南增加。根据龙门山南段的历史地震及构造背景,对各区域地震危险性进行了比较,发现东南侧危险性最大,历史应变的积累及汶川地震的加速影响导致了芦山地震的提前发生和破裂断层的左旋错动。汶川地震对较远的鲜水河断裂南段也有持续两年的应力微释放影响,但其远不及川滇块体的应力压缩作用。     

古水耕人为土诊断层的特征与形成过程——以广汉三星堆遗址水耕人为土为例

选定广汉三星堆遗址的典型古水耕人为土,研究剖面的诊断层特性与形成过程,取得了以下主要研究结果:形成时期长、发育程度高的古水耕人为土,在土壤剖面形态和特性上,表现出明显的层次分化.同时水耕表层结构发育,犁底层适度紧实和有一定结构发育;水耕氧化还原层表现出物质的水耕淋淀及其转化特征等.深化了水耕人为土诊断层及其形成过程的认识.对高肥力水耕人为土的培育,以及在水耕人为土系统分类研究上取得进展,都有一定意义.     

The Dynamic Characteristics of Strain Fields and Crustal Movement before the Wenchuan Earthquake （ Ms = 8.0）

In this paper, we analyze the crustal movements, strain field changes and large scale dynamic characteristics of horizontal deformation before the Wenchuan earthquake (M_S=8.0) using GPS data obtained from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. The following issues are discussed. First, the strain fields of the Longmenshan fault zone located at the epicenter show slow accumulation, because of the tectonic dynamics process subjected to the eastward movement of the Bayan Har block. Second, the different movements between the Longmenshan fault and South China block are smaller than the errors of GPS observation. Third, the high value of compressive strain (2004～2007) is located at the epicenter, which shows that the local squeezing action is stronger than before. Fourth, the data from GPS reference stations in the Chinese Mainland show that crustal shortening is faster than before in the north-eastern direction, which is part of the background of the local tectonic dynamics increase in the Longmenshan fault zone.     

����GPS�����о���ɽ-���������˶�״̬

???????????1999??2007???GPS?????????????????????????????????????????????β??λ????????????????????У?1999??2001???????????????????м??????????????????????????????????????????1.0 mm/a???????????????1.35 mm/a;2004??2007??????????????????????0.04??1.59 mm/a???????????????????????2001??2004??????????????????????????????3?????ξ?????????????????????????????0.7??1.55 mm/a?????????????????????????????1.0 mm/a??     

张渤带洞体应变参数解算及结果分析

采用张渤带2002年以来的洞体应变观测资料,首先利用Venedikov调和分析方法计算带内各个台站洞体应变测项的潮汐因子和相位滞后,并以潮汐因子的稳定性对观测资料进行了质量评价.其后,以怀来台伸缩仪为例讨论了3分量和2分量观测解算平面应变参数的模型及其适用性,结果表明二者的相关系数在0.9以上.在此基础上,选取张渤带上资料较稳定的16个洞体应变台站资料进行了应变参数时间序列计算,并对华北M5.0地震前应变参数同步变化现象进行了总结.最后对比了洞体应变与GPS应变的差异,并分析了可能的原因.