高海拔冻土区通风管路基管内风速及影响因素研究

在多年冻土地区,路基工程的修筑将对下伏多年冻土的热力稳定性产生显著的影响.为保护多年冻土,保证路基的长期稳定性,通风管作为一种对流换热类主动冷却降温措施被广泛应用.通风管内的对流换热强度与管内风速密切相关,针对这一问题,采用现场监测与数值模拟相结合的方式开展了通风管内风速特征及影响因素的研究.结果表明:随通风管管径的增...     

季节性冻土区人工盐化路基冻胀模型试验

以青藏铁路西格段季节性冻土区路基冻害为研究背景,在室内分普通和盐化两个试验段填筑路基实体模型,进行封闭系统中反复冻融循环条件下的模型试验,分析冻融循环条件下普通路基和人工盐化路基的温度和位移规律,并探讨水分、盐分的迁移规律。结果表明:路基土体温度与环境温度变化趋势一致,路基土体的温度滞后于环境温度约36 h;越靠近冷端的位置,温度波动范围越大,温度随着深度的增加逐渐减小,温差也随之减小,路基土体温度的波动范围约为环境温度波动的一半;温度是影响水分迁移的主要因素,水分迁移在路基顶面以下一定的范围内达到最大,越靠近冷端,水分迁移量越大;路基土盐化之后冻胀量减小约73.9%,说明人工盐化路基土的方法可以整治季节性冻土区路基冻害。     

四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区震旦系—寒武系天然气TSR效应及气源启示

综合分析四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区(高-磨地区)震旦系—寒武系天然气、储层沥青及膏盐分布等,发现高-磨地区天然气发生过不同程度硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)反应。主要基于:①天然气中含一定丰度H_2S,震旦系灯影组H_2S含量为0.6%～3%,寒武系龙王庙组为0.2%～0.8%;其δ~(34)S值普遍较重(21‰～23‰),为TSR反应产物;②储层沥青S/C原子比介于0.06～0.4之间,远远超过有机质裂解生成沥青中S/C比的最高上限(0.034),峰值甚至超过了TSR反应强烈的川东北普光气田飞仙关组储层沥青的比值(0.06～0.12),为TSR过程无机S加入所致;③四川盆地寒武系底部发育膏盐类沉积,为TSR反应提供了SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)等物质,灯影组发育富Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)、贫Na~+/K~+型地层水,证明盐、膏类溶解的普遍性。地层水中相对缺乏SO_4~(2-),应为TSR反应消耗所致。TSR反应明显氧化乙烷,导致天然气干燥系数增加、δ~(13)C_2变重;TSR反应程度不同造成了龙王庙组和灯影组天然气特征的差异,龙王庙组TSR反应程度相对较弱,天然气甲乙烷碳同位素明显倒转;而灯影组TSR反应程度相对要强,甲乙烷同位素正序分布。考虑TSR效应,恢复原始组成,高-磨地区寒武系—震旦系天然气应有明显的甲烷、乙烷碳同位素倒转现象,这种倒转跟该盆地及世界高—过成熟页岩气特征高度一致,暗示高-磨地区主力气源可能为源岩晚期所成天然气。这一认识可以很好诠释甲烷δ~(13)C_1值较重、普遍低于储层沥青这一为现在主流认识(高-磨地区主体为原油裂解气)所不好解释的现象。对于重新认识天然气成藏聚集规律具有重要意义。     

Laboratory investigation on strengthening behavior of frozen China standard sand

Acta Geotechnica - In this paper, a series of triaxial cyclic loading–unloading (L–U-C), triaxial cyclic loading–unloading–holding (L–U–H-C) and triaxial cyclic...     

铁路大跨度简支钢桁梁桥车-桥耦合振动研究

桥梁作为线路工程中不可或缺的重要枢纽,对列车通过桥梁时,桥梁和车辆之间相互作用的问题迫切需要做出解答,特别是针对铁路钢桁梁,并考虑大跨度简支特性的车-桥耦合振动问题研究更具有一定的理论与实际意义。以黄韩侯铁路新黄河特大桥156 m简支钢桁梁桥作为工程背景,建立车辆动力模型、桥梁有限元模型并考虑轮轨关系,以蛇形运动和轨道不平顺作为系统的自激激励源,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS以及UM(Universal Mechanism)动力学分析软件联合进行仿真分析,实现单个机车、编组客车和编组货车以设计时速通过桥梁时对大跨度简支钢桁梁桥车-桥耦合振动的研究。经过计算分析得出:大跨度钢桁梁桥的横向刚度相对较小;不同编组情况以设计时速通过桥梁时,车辆和桥梁的各项动力响应参数均在规范允许的范围之内;编组货车通过桥梁时,桥梁跨中横向、竖向加速度较之其他编组情况要大。     

Comparison and evaluation of uncertainties in extreme flood estimations of the upper Yangtze River by the Delta and profile likelihood function methods

Frequency calculation for extreme flood and methods used for its uncertainty estimation are popular subjects in hydrology research. In this study, uncertainties in extreme flood estimations of the upper Yangtze River were investigated using the Delta and profile likelihood function (PLF) methods, which were used to calculate confidence intervals of key parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution and quantiles of extreme floods. Datasets of annual maximum daily flood discharge (AMDFD) from six hydrological stations located in the main stream and tributaries of the upper Yangtze River were selected in this study. The results showed that AMDFD data from the six stations followed the Weibull distribution, which has a short tail and is bounded above with an upper bound. Of the six stations, the narrowest confidence interval can be detected in the Yichang station, and the widest interval was found in the Cuntan station. Results also show that the record length and the return period are two key factors affecting the confidence interval. The width of confidence intervals decreased with the increase of record length because more information was available, while the width increased with the increase of return period. In addition, the confidence intervals of design floods were similar for both methods in a short return period. However, there was a comparatively large difference between the two methods in a long return period, because the asymmetry of the PLF curve increases with an increase in the return period. This asymmetry of the PLF method is more proficient in reflecting the uncertainty of design flood, suggesting that PLF method is more suitable for uncertainty analysis in extreme flood estimations of the upper Yangtze River Basin.     

青藏高原重大冻土工程的基础研究

青藏高原是我国乃至世界高海拔多年冻土区的典型代表。伴随着青藏铁路的建成通车,西藏自治区迎来了新一轮经济发展,迫切需要新建高速公路、输变电线路、输油气管道工程等。这些拟建工程与已建的青藏公路、青藏铁路、格拉输油管道、兰西拉光缆等工程均聚集于宽度不足10km范围内的青藏工程走廊。在这狭长的冻土工程走廊内,已修建或拟建的各种冻土构筑物相互影响,多因素耦合叠加,加速区域内的冻土退化,而冻土融化必将影响到工程的稳定性和生态环境退化。再加上全球气候变化的影响,其变化程度更加剧烈。面对国家需求,国家重点基础研究发展项目"青藏高原重大冻土工程的基础研究"于2012年4月正式启动。该项目旨在揭示气候变化与人类工程活动加剧背景下冻土变化及灾害时空演化规律,建立冻土工程稳定性和服役性能评价体系,提出冻土工程灾害防治理论与控制对策,为冻土构筑物群灾害应急预案和重大冻土工程建设提供科学决策依据。     

长波红外空间光学遥感器高精度辐射定标技术

为了满足中国环保、国土、农业、气象、减灾等行业对地表温度遥感高精度监测的需求,近些年来中国长波红外空间光学遥感器空间分辨率从公里尺度提高到十米尺度分辨率,定量化应用的需求也越来越高.高精度的辐射定标是保证红外数据定量化应用的关键,本文通过全链路分析了影响辐射定标精度的因素,结合某型号任务的研制过程的具体实际,分析了主要...     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态恢复可行性评估及其恢复策略

广西涠洲岛地处世界珊瑚礁分布的北缘,其造礁石珊瑚具有较高的生态价值和科学研究价值,然而近30年来涠洲岛的造礁石珊瑚资源呈逐年下降趋势,正面临生物多样性衰退和生态服务功能下降的威胁。本研究针对涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态衰退区域,参照珊瑚礁生态恢复潜力评估决策流程进行恢复可行性评估和恢复策略探讨。结果显示,该区域有造礁石珊瑚5科10属21种;表征海水水质质量的6项指标均在I类水质标准范围,且常年处于贫营养化;大型海藻覆盖率不足1.00%,90.00%以上的珊瑚礁鱼类为杂食性,且该鱼类种群结构有利于调控大型海藻的暴发性生长,与大型藻类和浮游动植物的多样性相适应,适宜珊瑚生长。但该区域造礁石珊瑚平均覆盖率仅有5.60%,底质类型57.27%为礁石,34.30%的底质为非稳定的碎石和砂,珊瑚幼体补充量平均为3.17 ind/m²,珊瑚幼体更新缓慢。以上结果表明,涠洲岛珊瑚礁具有一定的自然恢复潜力,但珊瑚覆盖率低、幼体补充量少以及部分底质结构不稳定是限制涠洲岛珊瑚礁自然恢复的主要因素,需要加强人工干预。在减少人类活动干扰的前提下,适时进行园艺式培育珊瑚苗种、批量珊瑚原位种植和构建人工珊...     

Water allocation under the constraint of total water-use quota: a case from Dongjiang River Basin,South China

A constrained total water-use policy has been implemented to maintain sustainable water supply in some water shortage areas. Managing a constrained water-use quota (T) in water allocation is a challenging goal. This paper proposes a new framework for water allocation under total water-use constraint by utilizing the concept of the Newsboy model, commonly used in operations management and applied economics, and applying it to the Dongjiang River Basin, South China. This framework considers T as a state variable of the objective function, rather than simply dealing with it as a constraint of multi-objective analysis. Using this framework, it is revealed how different schemes of T play out in water allocation, and water-use warning is provided for each sector and water governor in water resources management.