Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey

A review on the historical evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey is followed by summarizing the important aspects of the updated national probabilistic seismic hazard maps. Comparisons with the predecessor probabilistic seismic hazard maps as well as the implications on the national design codes conclude the paper.     

基于VBA的断面图绘制程序的实现

断面测量作为城市测量工作中的重要组成部分,其在市政设计及施工中起着重要作用。断面图作为断面测量工作提交给客户的重要成果资料,占有较大比重。断面图的绘制一般都有业主单位的特殊要求,绘制过程较为复杂,工作量较大。本文从实际工作出发,分析断面图绘制中可以提高效率的部分工作,并设计和编写程序以提高工作效率。     

An improved earthquake catalogue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis> ≥ 4.0) for Turkey and its near vicinity (1900–2012)

Many catalogues, agency reports and research articles have been published on seismicity of Turkey and its surrounding since 1950s. Given existing magnitude heterogeneity, erroneous information on epicentral location, event date and time, this past published data however is far from fulfilling the required standards. Paucity of a standardized format in the available catalogues have reinforced the need for a refined and updated catalogue for earthquake related hazard and risk studies. During this study, ~37,000 earthquakes and related parametric data were evaluated by utilizing more than 41 published studies and, an integrated database was prepared in order to analyse all parameters acquired from the catalogues and references for each event. Within the scope of this study, the epicentral locations of M ≥ 5.0 events were firstly reappraised based on the updated Active Fault Map of Turkey. An improved catalogue of 12.674 events for the period 1900–2012 was as a result recompiled for the region between 32–45N° and 23–48E° by analyzing in detail accuracy of all seismological parameters available for each event. The events consist of M ≥ 4.0 are reported in several magnitude scales (e.g. moment magnitude, M_w; surface wave magnitude, M_S; body-wave magnitude m_b; local magnitude M_L and duration magnitude M_d) whereas the maximum focal depth reaches up to 225-km. In order to provide homogenous data, the improved catalogue is unified in terms of M_w. Fore-and aftershocks were also removed from the catalogue and completeness analyses were performed both separately for various tectonic sources and as a whole for the study region of interest. Thus, the prepared homogenous and declustered catalogue consisting of 6573 events provides the basis for a reliable input to the seismic hazard assessment studies for Turkey and its surrounding areas.     

Environmental pulmonary health problems related to mineral dusts: Examples from central Anatolia, Turkey

There are a number of benign disorders including pleural thickening (PT), calcified pleural plaques (CPP), and malignant diseases such as malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in central Anatolia. Earlier studies suggested tremolite was the main cause, and there was no explanation why some of the population did not have malignant cases, and plaques were by far the most frequent manifestation of asbestos-induced injury. In this study, geological, mineralogical and environmental data were evaluated. While the prolonged continuous exposure to high or low doses of long (8-30 µm) and thin (less than 0.25 µm) mixed fibers such as chrysolite, and/or anthophyllite or tremolite, and also silica particles may be the cause of MPM in central Anatolia, two different reasons for the CPP and PT are suggested. The first one is short (less than 8 µm) and thin mixed-type mineral fibers. The second reason is low doses of long, but thick, splintery tremolite fibers.     

First evidence of Campanian radiolarians in Turkey and implications for the tectonic setting of the Upper Antalya Nappes

The definition and inventory of the upper units of the Antalya Nappes or “Calcareous Antalya Nappes” (CAN) are still a matter of controversies and often conflicting interpretations. In the Gedeller type locality, we logged a new succession that sheds light on the detailed stratigraphy of the Upper Antalya Nappes. The lower part of the series corresponds to the uppermost part of the Kemer Gorge Nappe and is overthrust by the Ordovician Seydişehir Formation of the Tahtalı Dağ Nappe. The newly described Gedeller Formation belongs to the Kemer Gorge Nappe and is represented by Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Scaglia-type pelagic limestones, which yielded radiolarians of the Amphipyndax pseudoconulus Zone. It is demonstrated that the “Calcareous Antalya Nappes” are composed of three different nappes, the Kemer Gorge, Bakırlı and the Tahtalı Dağ nappes, all of them belonging to the Upper Antalya Nappes system.     

Die Rheingrabenrandverwerfung im Wattkopftunnel bei Ettlingen (Nordschwarzwald)

The Wattkopftunnel, near Ettlingen (Nordschwarzwald), drives through the eastern margin of the Rheingraben. The tunnel passes cenozoic and mesozoic sediments. Early quarternary and tertiary beds are situated west of the main thrust of the Rheingraben. Fossil record indicates upper Oligocene age (Chatt) for parts of the tertiary sediments. At the eastern border of the Rheingraben, wedges of jurassic and middle triassic series are squeezed. East of the Rheingraben the tunnel drives in the lower triassic Bausandstein. The eastern margin of the Rheingraben was investigated in detail during tunneling. Faults of the Rheingraben margin are distributed in an 130 meter wide fault zone in the tunnel. Total stratigraphic separation by the normal faults reaches more than 2 000 meters. The cenozoic sequence suffered synsedimentary to early diagenetic deformation, while the mesozoic series are characterized by ruptural deformation. The fault- and joint system is directed in the rheinische Richtung (SSW-NNE). East of the Rheingraben a second direction occur, running parallel to the lower Albtal (W-E).

     

Advances in Oxygenation Theory and Technology in Deep Lakes

Deep lakes always maintain vertical thermal stratification due to their physical structure. The thermocline prevents the transfer of oxygen from epilimnion to hypolimnion, leading to the formation of anoxic conditions in deeper water, the enhanced release of endogenous pollutants and the deterioration of water quality. Oxygenation is an effective measure to improve the water quality of deep lakes and mitigate the release of endogenous pollutants via the increase of the oxygen level in water. This paper provided an overview of the method and theory of oxygenation in deep lakes. Advantages and limitations of different methods of oxygenation, including artificial destratification, airlift aerators, Speece cone and bubble plume diffusers, were discussed. In addition, challenges and prospects of oxygenation were assessed based on the analyzing of typical examples of oxygenation in deep lakes and the difference in oxygenation system used in deep lakes and shallow lakes.     

基于三维矿化域模型的泥河铁矿床动态储量估算

基于泥河铁矿床矿体地质特征的详细研究,本文结合边界品位指标以及样条曲线方法对矿体边界进行简化平滑处理,并通过对各剖面的矿体解译边界进行圆滑渐变处理建立控制矿化边界的矿化域模型.基于矿化域模型,用于储量估算的样品分析数据具有更好的连续性和全面性,避免了双指标圈矿带来的矿体形态过度复杂和在三维空间内不可避免的空间占位现象.基于矿化域模型进行的储量估算,可以更快速、合理地获取矿体品位的空间分布特征,从而提高金属矿床储量估算结果的准确性和合理性.     

Fluorine in tourmalines

The determination of the fluorine content of courmalines yielded 0.28% as an average value for schorlites and dravites and 0.97% for elbaites. The plot of the fluorine contents against the lithium contents shows that the distribution of projection points for pink or green elbaites differs from that for lithian indigolites. Tourmalines are poorer in fluorine than lightcoloured micas at the same stage of pegmatite evolution. Individual regions with pegmatite occurrences can be characterized as rich or poor in fluorine according to the fluorine contents in the tourmalines and micas contained in the pegmatites.     

Gyrolithes:边缘海沉积的特征遗迹化石

Gyrolithes为螺旋形垂直居住潜穴,是具成对附肢的两侧对称甲壳类所建造,出现在近海泻湖和河口湾等边缘海和极浅海环境中,常与半咸水条件有关。塔里木盆地塔中地区诸多钻井的下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组上部大量发育有此类潜穴,在局部层位可形成强烈的扰动构造。伴生的遗迹化石很少,只有极个别的Beaconites。根据沉积学、地球化学和古生态学特征,这类潜穴形成在半咸水的泻湖环境中。这类潜穴外壁基本平直,在泥质沉积物中掘穴深度大而不变形,而且其充填物与围岩完全不同,这些特点表明Gyrolithes为固底控制的遗迹化石。