解读发震构造含义与判定原则

本文通过《中国历史强震目录》、《中国近代地震目录》、《中国地震台报告》、《中国地震详目》及部分地方台网测定的地震目录,初步分析了华南地区1000a以来中强地震(5.0≤M≤6?)的原地重复性,并从时、空、强三方面对地震原地重复特点做了统计分析。分析认为华南地区中强地震的发生具有较高的原地重复率,在时间、强度上都具有一定的规律性。这些规律的探讨对该地区地震区划及工程场地地震安全性评价具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of water stress on ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration of a Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia

Many studies on global climate have forecast major changes in the amounts and spatial patterns of precipitation that may significantly affect temperate grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions. As a part of ChinaFLUX, eddy covariance flux measurements were made at a semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China during 2003–2004 to quantify the response of carbon exchange to environmental changes. Results showed that gross ecosystem production (F _GEP) and ecosystem respiration (R _eco) of the steppe were significantly depressed by water stress due to lack of precipitation during the growing season. Temperature was the dominant factor affecting F _GEP and R _eco in 2003, whereas soil moisture imposed a significant influence on both R _eco and F _GEP in 2004. Under wet conditions, R _eco showed an exponentially increasing trend with temperature (Q ₁₀ = 2.0), but an apparent reduction in the value of R _eco and its temperature sensitivity were observed during the periods of water stress (Q ₁₀=1.6). Both heat and water stress can cause decrease in F _GEP. The seasonality of ecosystem carbon exchange was strongly correlated with the variation of precipitation. With less precipitation in 2003, the steppe sequestrated carbon in June and July, and went into a senescence in early August due to water stress. As compared to 2003, the severe drought during the spring of 2004 delayed the growth of the steppe until late June, and the steppe became a CO₂ sink from early July until mid-September, with ample precipitation in August. The semi-arid steppe released a total of 9.7 g C·m⁻² from May 16 to the end of September 2003, whereas the net carbon budget during the same period in 2004 was close to zero. Long-term measurements over various grasslands are needed to quantify carbon balance in temperate grasslands.

     

网络RTK综合误差内插算法的比较与分析

在网络RTK应用中,当基准站和流动站之间的高差较大时,流动站定位精度会降低,甚至会导致流动站模糊度无法固定,此种情况对于在我国地形起伏明显区域内的网络RTK经常发生。针对此问题,本文提出基于高差的综合误差内插模型,用此模型对误差进行内插,并和平面内插法、三维内插进行了对比。     

半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究

静态箱一气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明,内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,而是CH4的汇.在植物生长不同季节,草原生态系统排放/吸收温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同,其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征.3种温室气体的季节排放/吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融和降雨较为集中时期.所有草原植物生长季节CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值,夜间出现排放高值.较高的温度有利于CO2排放,地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低.影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和供氧状况,日温变化则主要影响日变化强度.吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关,相关系数均在0.4～0.6之间.自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低,同时使N2O和CH4年度排放/吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加.     

The chemistry of heavy haze over Urumqi,Central Asia

A sampling campaign of aerosols over Urumqi from 2001–2007 and soil samples in the surrounding areas were carried out to investigate the severe air pollution in Urumqi, a typical inland city, located in the center of Asia. Urumqi is one of the heavy polluted cities in the world, as the days of haze spanned over one third of the year and accounted for 60–80% of the heating period for the past 6 years. High concentration of fine aerosols, frequent occurrence, and rapid formation of heavy haze were the three main characteristics. With comparison of the pollution elements, As, Cd, and S, and the ratio of Ca/Al in aerosols and soils in those sites located on the south of Jungger Basin as tracers, it was found that As, Cd, and S highly enriched in the aerosols over urban Urumqi were not only from the re-suspended road dust but also from the soil transported from south of the Jungger Basin. Different from the most cities in China, the high concentration of sulfate in Urumqi was partially from the primary soil dust transported from the surrounding areas. The mixing of the local anthropogenic aerosols with the soil transported from outside the city was the main source of the high sulfate concentration. Ammonium salts were higher than the summed equivalents of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Cl⁻ in Urumqi and much higher than that in other Chinese cities. The total water soluble ions and the total ammonium salts were as high as 57.8% and 51.0% in PM_2.5. The high concentration of soluble salts with high hygroscopicity, especially ammonium and sulfate salts, were the main factors contributing to the heavy haze over Urumqi.     

广东省乡村类型划分及乡村性评价的时空变化

为认识广东省乡村类型及乡村发展程度,依据产业的 GDP 比重划分广东省乡村发展类型,构建广东省乡村性评价的指标体系,测算了广东省内 67 个县级区域在 2001、2005、2009 及 2013 年的乡村性指数并划分乡村性强度,分析得出了近 10 a 广东省乡村发展的时空变化特点。结果表明：1）广东省乡村类型可划分为农业主导型、工业主导型、商旅服务型及均衡发展型,均衡发展型乡村面积在各年份中所占比例均最大,农业主导型乡村面积在逐年减少,工业主导型乡村呈波动变化状态,商旅服务型乡村则发展较平稳;2）广东省各县域的乡村性指数均值都在下降,从 2001 年的 0.60 下降至 2013 年的 0.34,均值最低的为工业主导型乡村,最高的为农业主导型乡村,变化最大的是均衡发展型乡村;3）广东省乡村性强度可划分为弱、较弱、中等、较强、强 5 个等级,近 10 a 中,弱与较弱等级乡村面积在大幅增加,中等强度的乡村呈先增加后减少趋势,较强等级乡村则大幅减少,而强等级的乡村则逐渐消失;4）各类型乡村的乡村性强度变化有所差异,农业主导型与工业主导型的强度变化均为稳步下降,商旅服务型的强度则经历了稳定阶段后再下降,均衡发展型的强度下降变化较大。     

新西兰海底地形命名工作浅析及对我国的启示

新西兰地理委员会是政府法定机构,下设海底地名委员会作为海底地名工作的咨询机构,依据《2008年新西兰地理委员会法案》负责海底地名工作。2016年9月6日公布《新西兰海底地形命名标准——NZGBS 60000》,代替了2009年3月13日公布的《海底地形命名暂定标准——NZGBS60000》,该标准设立了新西兰地理委员会海底地形命名的准则和原则。我国的海底地形命名工作起步相对较晚,文章通过对新西兰海底地形命名工作的相关机构、标准化政策和指导方针的研究,提出我国海底地形命名工作的相关建议:(1)制定统一的海底地形命名标准和规范;(2)扩大海洋调查范围;(3)认真研究把握好提交提案的工作。     

A three-dimensional semi-implicit unstructured grid finite volume ocean model

A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C -unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the horizontal direction and z -level grid in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional model is discretized by the semi-implicit finite-volume method, in that the free-surface and the vertical diffusion are semi-implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by an integral method. The partial cell method is used for resolving topography, which enables the model to better represent irregular topography. The model has been tested against analytical cases for wind and tidal oscillation circulation, and is applied to simulating the tidal flow in the Bohai Sea. The results are in good agreement both with the analytical solutions and measurement results.     

山西CORS网基准站速度场分析

利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理山西CORS基准站2009-05～2011-02期间将近2a的数据,确定了基准站的坐标时间序列和速度场,并分析了山西省地壳运动。结果表明,山西CORS基准站在ITRF2005框架下水平方向运动的平均速率为33.97mm·a-1,运动方向为SEE110.55;相对于欧亚板块的水平方向运动的平均速率为6mm·a-1,运动方向为SE130.69。此外,SXCORS基准站在ITRF2005框架下的垂直速度场的变化规律为绝大多数地区发生沉降,且南部地区的沉降速率大于北部地区,沉降的主要原因是由于地下水的长期开采和超采以及煤炭的开采,并且该现象在南部地区更为严重。