泥质页岩-粉质黏土土石混合填料原位水平推剪试验研究

土石混合料是由土和岩块（碎石）组成的复合体。混合料中土的种类不同,岩块的种类及含量不同,剪切破坏特征亦不同。由于对其剪切破坏机理研究还不够深入,在工程中难以确定这类填料的强度参数。为进一步探明土石混合填料的剪切破坏特征,对泥质页岩-粉质黏土混合填料进行了12个原位大型水平推剪试验,根据现场试验结果,将这类土石混合填料的水平推力-位移曲线划分为5个阶段,并对各个剪切破坏面进行三维还原,为土石混合体内部破坏机理的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷古近纪源汇过程及其控储作用

源汇系统定量化研究是沉积学领域的前缘,是精细重构源汇过程、指导油气储层预测的重要手段。利用重矿物和锆石U Pb年龄对珠江口盆地惠州凹陷惠州27转换带进行物源示踪、定量恢复源区沉积物相对贡献,进而重构古近纪源汇过程,探讨源汇控储作用。研究结果表明,中始新统文昌组重矿物类型复杂、ZTR指数(碎屑岩中碎屑锆石（Zircon）、电气石（Tourmaline）、金红石（Rutile）在透明重矿物碎屑中所占的比例)小,上始新统恩平组重矿物类型简单、ZTR指数大。研究区文昌组—恩平组主要受盆内中生界岩浆岩基底和盆外珠江水系供源。其中文昌组沉积物98%来自于盆内中生界岩浆岩基底;下恩平组沉积物58.4%来自于盆外珠江东北部支流、36.5%来自于盆内中生界岩浆岩基底;上恩平组沉积物73.7%来自于盆外珠江东北部支流、22.2%来自于盆内中生界岩浆岩基底。研究认为,恩平组沉积期现代珠江尚未形成,但珠江东北部支流（即古珠江）已独立发育且携带大量华夏地块碎屑物质汇入惠州凹陷,导致了惠州27转换带“文昌期盆内近源—恩平期盆外、盆内混源”的源汇转换过程,而非简单的“盆内近源—盆外远源”转换。源汇转换过程改变了恩平组储层的岩石组分,进而改善了储层物性,也使得其储层非均质性变强。本研究定量解析了惠州凹陷古近纪源汇转换过程,为陆相断陷盆地定量源汇及其应用提供了新视角。     

盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物初步研究

基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落生长季的定位观测资料,分析了芦苇湿地土壤微生物不同层次上的比率变化。结果表明:在0—10,10—20 cm和20—30 cm的3个层次上及微生物总数中土壤的细菌所占比率最大,而且在3个层次上的比率自上至下逐渐增大;其次是放线菌,且在3个层次上的比率逐渐减少;最少的是真菌,在3个层次上相差不大接近为零,在整个微生物中所占比率为最少的。这是由于盘锦芦苇湿地的土壤偏盐碱性,有利于细菌和放线菌繁殖,抑制了真菌的繁殖;而且季节性积水导致通气状况不良也抑制了真菌的生存。在盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物垂直梯度的比率中,细菌垂直梯度变化比较明显,基本上是下面2个层次所占比率比表层大一些;放线菌垂直梯度变化明显,一般表层比率最大,下面2层比率较小;真菌垂直梯度上所占的比率没有明显变化,接近为零。     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤碱解氮及溶解性有机碳季节动态

基于2005年4～10月盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤不同土层土壤碱解氮及溶解性有机碳的观测资料,分析了盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤碱解氮与溶解性有机碳(DOC)的季节动态。结果表明:不同土层碱解氮、溶解性有机碳的季节动态并不相同。0～10 cm土层碱解氮与DOC季节动态相似,6月土壤碱解氮与DOC含量均最高,分别为244.86 mg/kg和13.16 mg/L。8月碱解氮含量最低,为139.18 mg/kg;9月DOC含量最低。10～20 cm土层DOC的季节性动态变化与表土具有相似性,峰值均出现在6月,谷值出现在9月;10～20 cm土层碱解氮最低值出现在6月,与0～10 cm土层不同。20～30 cm土层内,4～7月DOC几乎无变化,8月DOC含量最低,9月增加;4～5月碱解氮波动较大,5月降到102 mg/kg,6月增加到151 mg/kg。研究表明,盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤微生物活性与凋落物分解对DOC及碱解氮的季节动态有很大的影响,同时温度、降水量及冻融也影响着DOC及碱解氮的季节动态。     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用动态及其影响因子分析

采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对盘锦湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用,于2004年7月—2005年12月进行连续野外观测。结果表明:非淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征;淹水状态下,湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用接近于0。2005年潮汐造成的洪水减少了2/3的土壤呼吸作用。2004年和2005年芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用最大值都出现于洪水退去后。影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用空间异质性的主导因子是生物因子,而在同一时间影响湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用的主导因子是温度和水分。     

Connections between surface sensible heat net flux and regional summer precipitation over China

Using the observed monthly precipitation and NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)reanalysis surface flux data from 1951-2000, the connections between the seasonal SSHNF (Surface Sensible Heat Net Flux) over the Asian continent and the regional summer precipitation of China were examined.The patterns of collective and individual correlations were identified. The results indicate that the responseof the regional summer precipitation of China to the seasonal SSHNF over the study area varies according to region and season. The interannual variability of summer precipitation anomalies over Xinjiang, the northernmost Northeast China, and the North China Plain are most sensitive to the anomaly of the seasonal SSHNF. There are significant collective correlations between the interannual anomalies of the seasonal SSHNF and summer precipitation over these regions. In contrast, the Southeast Tibetan Plateau,Huaihe River Valley, and surrounding areas exhibit the least significant correlation. Significant individual correlations exist between the summer precipitation over the southernmost Northeast China, East Inner Mongolia, South of the Yangtze River and South China and the seasonal SSHNF in certain seasons over the following areas: near Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, near Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.     

Effects of optimized root water uptake parameterization schemes on water and heat flux simulation in a maize agroecosystem

As root water uptake (RWU) is an important link in the water and heat exchange between plants and ambient air, improving its parameterization is key to enhancing the performance of land surface model simulations. Although different types of RWU functions have been adopted in land surface models, there is no evidence as to which scheme most applicable to maize farmland ecosystems. Based on the 2007–09 data collected at the farmland ecosystem field station in Jinzhou, the RWU function in the Common Land Model (CoLM) was optimized with scheme options in light of factors determining whether roots absorb water from a certain soil layer (W_x) and whether the baseline cumulative root efficiency required for maximum plant transpiration (W_c) is reached. The sensibility of the parameters of the optimization scheme was investigated, and then the effects of the optimized RWU function on water and heat flux simulation were evaluated. The results indicate that the model simulation was not sensitive to W_x but was significantly impacted by W_c. With the original model, soil humidity was somewhat underestimated for precipitation-free days; soil temperature was simulated with obvious interannual and seasonal differences and remarkable underestimations for the maize late-growth stage; and sensible and latent heat fluxes were overestimated and underestimated, respectively, for years with relatively less precipitation, and both were simulated with high accuracy for years with relatively more precipitation. The optimized RWU process resulted in a significant improvement of CoLM’s performance in simulating soil humidity, temperature, sensible heat, and latent heat, for dry years. In conclusion, the optimized RWU scheme available for the CoLM model is applicable to the simulation of water and heat flux for maize farmland ecosystems in arid areas.     

昆仑-黄河运动的时代下限:来自塔里木盆地南缘西域砾岩顶部火山岩~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年的约束

"昆仑-黄河运动"是发生在早、中更新世之交的一次强烈的构造运动,它使青藏高原现代构造地貌格局基本定型。以往对昆仑-黄河运动时限的研究,主要由黄河干流发育的阶地、昆仑山垭口地区羌塘组与望昆冰碛层等古地磁、ESR、TL等分析测试得出,缺少其他年代学约束。在塔里木盆地,昆仑-黄河运动表现为西域砾岩与乌苏群之间的角度不整合接触。本文通过对塔里木盆地南缘西域砾岩顶部的普鲁上层火山岩4个样品的全岩~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年,获得~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄为1.03±0.05 Ma~1.20±0.05 Ma,加权平均年龄为1.1±0.1 Ma(n=4,MSWD=2.3)。这是首次应用~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年方法,获得昆仑-黄河运动的时代下限为1.1±0.1 Ma,与前人确定的昆仑-黄河运动时代下限在误差范围内一致,为我国西部新构造运动提供了重要的年代学约束。     

拖曳锚在海床中运动特性的大变形有限元分析

拖曳锚由于其承载性能和深水中便于安装被广泛应用于海洋工程系泊系统中,如:适用于悬链式系泊系统的传统拖曳锚和适用于绷紧式系泊系统的法向承力锚。拖曳锚安装过程中涉及诸多运动特性:锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹。基于大变形有限元分析技术耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日法,并引入缆绳方程,建立起锚-缆绳-海床土耦合作用的有限元分析模型;模拟了拖曳锚在均质和线性强度黏土中的嵌入安装过程,研究了锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹等运动特性;通过与已有的有限元分析方法及理论方法进行对比,验证了该分析模型的有效性;与已有的有限元分析方法相比,提出的分析模型有效地提高了计算效率。     

Cloning and characterization of a thermostable carboxylesterase from inshore hot spring thermophile Geobacillus sp. ZH1

The gene(741 bp) encoding carboxylesterase from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp.ZHl was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli.The purified recombinant protein presented a molecular mass of about 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis.Enzyme assays using p-nitrophenyl esters with different acyl chain lengths as the substrates confirmed its esterase activity,yielding highest specific activity with p-nitrophenyl acetate.Among the p-nitrophenyl esters tested,the carboxylesterase presented preference for p-nitrophenyl caprylate,but hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl butyrate more efficiently.When p-nitrophenyl butyrate was used as a substrate,the recombinant carboxylesterase exhibited highest activity at pH 8.0 and 60℃.Almost no decrease in esterase activity was observed at 60℃for 3 h,and over 40% of activity was still maintained after incubation at 90℃for 3 h.These results indicate that Geobacillus sp.ZH1 recombinant esterase was thermostable.The enzymatic activity was inhibited by the addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride,indicating that it contains serine residue,which plays a key role in the catalytic mechanism.Except SDS and xylene,this esterase showed stability toward other tested detergents and organic solvents.Cloning,expression,and biochemical characterization of Geobacillus sp.ZH1 carboxylesterase lay a good foundation for its structural characterization and industrial application.