山洪灾害风险雨量评估方法研究

“Floodarea”为德国Geomer公司开发的水动力淹没模型,该模型以GIS栅格数据为基础并根据曼宁公式建立二维水动力动态演进。上清溪流域为福建山区无水文资料的典型小流域,选其作为研究对象,根据流域境内及周边气象站的降水记录采用泰森多边形法计算暴雨过程中流域的逐时面雨量,根据地表覆盖类型数据计算流域的地表产流系数及地表水力糙度。根据降水资料及1：10000数字高程模型,利用“Floodarea”对该流域内2010年6月18日的洪水过程进行再现淹没模拟;通过对比洪水过程中受灾点的实际淹没水位和模拟水位的差异,修改地表产流系数和地表水力糙度2个参数,从而对模拟过程中水流速度及淹没水深进行调整。结果表明,模拟洪水过程中受灾隐患点处最高淹没水深及时间与实际过程基本一致,达到了较好的模拟效果。通过分析流域洪水过程模拟结果中受灾点的逐时淹没水深与流域逐时面雨量的相关关系,可进一步推算流域受灾隐患点处不同等级淹没水深的临界雨量。     

半滑舌鳎和塞内加尔鳎养殖群体遗传变异的RAPD分析

采用RAPD方法对半滑舌鳎和塞内加尔鳎的养殖群体进行遗传变异分析。从78条随机引物中筛选出20条用于群体遗传学分析,2个群体共扩增出260条DNA片段,其中半滑舌鳎187条,塞内加尔鳎180条,片段大小为200-2 000 bp。半滑舌鳎和塞内加尔鳎养殖群体的多态片段比例分别为63.10%和60.56%,Nei的多样性指数和Shannon的信息指数分别为0.266 4和0.237 5,0.385 2和0.349 8。与其它鲆鲽鱼类养殖群体相比,半滑舌鳎和塞内加尔鳎养殖群体的遗传多样性水平略低;2种鱼群体间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离分别为0.458 3和0.723 1,它们的遗传变异主要来自群体内。     

Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of a new Melosira species and revision of freshwater Melosira in China

Melosira is one of the most common diatom genera found in freshwater ecosystems. There are many freshwater species of Melosira, of which M. varians is the most common. In our investigation of periphytic diatoms in the Jinsha River, China, a new species, M. capsularum sp. nov, was characterized in combined morphological and molecular approaches. M. varians was also analyzed using molecular data. The new species is similar to M. varians, M. moniliformis, M. nummuloides, and M. lineata in morpholog...     

美国海军未来兵力发展趋势及启示

美国凭借强大的技术和经济优势领跑海上装备发展领域,其海上装备建设经验与发展趋势对世界各国海军建设有重要的借鉴和参考价值。简述了美军海上兵力发展的规划;重点从美国海军未来兵力结构组成、无人系统的作用、新型作战概念的影响这3个方向研究了美国海军作战力量的发展趋势;从装备体系顶层规划、海上先进技术发展方向以及我方应对策略等几个方面归纳总结了3点启示。     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)GT微卫星位点的筛选和性质鉴定

采用磁珠富集法,利用生物素标记的(GT)15寡核苷酸探针从泥蚶基因组DNASau3A1酶切的500—1000bp片段中筛选GT/CA微卫星位点。洗脱的杂交片段克隆到PMD18-T载体上构建富集微卫星基因组文库后,通过PCR筛选检测出阳性克隆进行测序。在139条序列中有115条序列包含有重复次数不少于5次的微卫星位点,阳性序列比例达到82.7%。其中perfect类型微卫星最大的重复次数为35次。在112条非冗余序列中,共有100条(88.5%)微卫星重复序列两端有侧翼序列能够进行引物设计。     

Spatiotemporal changes of cropping structure in China during 1980-2011

Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of cropping systems is very important for agricultural policymaking and food security assessment, and can provide a basis for national policies regarding cropping systems adjustment and agricultural adaptation to climate change. With rapid development of society and the economy, China’s cropping structure has profoundly changed since the reform and opening up in 1978, but there has been no systematic investigation of the pattern, process and characteristics of these changes. In view of this, a crop area database for China was acquired and compiled at the county level for the period 1980-2011, and linear regression and spatial analysis were employed to investigate the cropping structure type and cropping proportion changes at the national level. This research had three main findings: (1) China’s cropping structure has undergone significant changes since 2002; the richness of cropping structure types has increased significantly and a diversified-type structure has gradually replaced the single types. The single-crop types—dominated by rice, wheat or maize—declined, affected by the combination of these three major food crops in mixed plantings and conversion of some of their planting area to other crops. (2) In the top 10 types, 82.7% of the county-level cropping structure was rice, wheat, maize and their combinations in 1980; however, this proportion decreased to 50.7% in 2011, indicating an adjustment period of China’s cropping structure. Spatial analysis showed that 63.8% of China’s counties adjusted their cropping structure, with the general change toward reducing the main food types and increasing fruits and vegetables during 1980-2011. (3) At the national level, the grain-planting pattern dominated by rice shifted to coexistence of rice, wheat and maize during this period. There were significant decreasing trends for 47% of rice, 61% of wheat and 29.6% of maize cropping counties. The pattern of maize cropping had the most significant change, with the maize proportion decreasing in the zone from northeastern to southwestern China during this period. Cities and their surroundings were hotspots for cropping structural adjustment. Urbanization has significantly changed cropping structure, with most of these regions showing rapid increases in the proportion of fruit and vegetables. Our research suggests that the policy of cropping structural adjustment needs to consider geographical characteristics and spatial planning of cropping systems. In this way, the future direction of cropping structural adjustment will be appropriate and scientifically based, such as where there is a need to maintain or increase rice and wheat cropping, increase soybean and decrease maize, and increase the supply of fruit and vegetables.     

农业土地利用遥感信息提取的研究进展与展望

农业用地占到全球土地面积近一半,农业土地利用（包括耕地及作物分布、种植制度、土地管理等）变化直接影响到粮食安全、水安全、生态安全和气候变化。遥感已经成为土地利用信息获取的重要手段,近年来中分辨率遥感卫星如Landsat、Sentinel以及中国高分卫星等的免费开放为国内外农业土地利用信息提取提供了前所未有的机遇,取得了一系列重要研究进展。本文从耕地分布、作物类型识别、农业种植制度以及农业土地管理4个角度分析了土地利用信息提取的最新研究进展。结果发现：① 耕地分布产品已经由过去的粗分辨率提升到10~30 m,耕地现状数据较为丰富,但挖掘遥感数据实现耕地变化历史回溯的能力有待加强;② 作物分类方面多采用地面调查数据和卫星遥感（Landsat和Sentinel-2为主）相结合的方式进行,在北美和欧洲得到了业务化运行,但对作物种植面积早期监测的能力有待加强;③ 基于遥感的农业种植制度信息获取（如撂荒）研究多集中在东欧等地区,在中国由于经济和政策因素导致的撂荒、轮作、休耕等现象也十分普遍,但具有针对性的遥感监测研究目前还相对缺乏;④ 农业土地管理措施信息提取方面,区域灌溉面积产品取得了重要进展,但数据的可靠性和准确性仍有待提高。在此基础上,我们结合遥感大数据、深度学习算法、云计算平台的发展对未来农业土地利用信息提取研究进行了展望：① 融合多源数据形成更高维度空间、光谱和时间信息的遥感大数据,提升特征提取和数据挖掘能力;② 机器学习和深度学习算法等智能化方法与基于地理学和物候信息的专家知识方法的耦合;③ 遥感云计算和大数据挖掘等前沿遥感和计算技术的应用。     

耐高温球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)藻种的选育与饵料特性初步分析

通过显微操作技术从海水饵料微藻培育池中分离出4株球等鞭金藻(Isochrysisgalbana)藻株,测试其在高水温(33°C,40°C)下的生长性能;对藻株的颗粒大小和粗蛋白含量进行了测定;筛选出一株生长速度较快的球等鞭金藻PHY7004,优化了其培养条件;分析了单环刺螠幼苗对其的摄食能力。结果表明,分离出的4株球等鞭金藻可在水温33°C下生长,其中PHY7004生长速率最快;分离出的各藻株细胞的平均直径为5.5—7.5μm;耐受33°C的4株藻株平均鲜重蛋白质含量为34.29 mg/L,其中PHY7003蛋白质含量最高,为41.80mg/L;优化后的最适培养条件为pH=7,N/P=14:1;单环刺螠幼苗对PHY7002的摄食强度较高。本实验为耐高温饵料藻种的筛选提供参考,也可为单环刺螠育苗所用的饵料微藻的选择提供依据。     

基于机载三维成像仪快速获取数字地面模型

机载三维成像仪是集成GPS、姿态测量装置、激光测距仪和光谱成像仪的新型航空遥感系统，它能同步获取地面目标的定位、定性数据。本文简要介绍了机载三维成像仪系统，在计算出扫描激光测距点三维坐标的基础上，着重分析了DTM快速生成算法，包括DTM的快速内插和航带间的自动无缝拼接。     

湘南地区奥陶系岩石组合及其沉积环境

湘南地区奥陶系的岩石类型以砂岩、泥岩和页岩为主,硅岩、灰岩较少。按照岩石成分,可进一步划分为砂岩-泥岩韵律性互层型和泥(页)岩(板岩)-硅岩型2种岩石组合类型。其中,砂岩-泥岩韵律性互层型岩石组合分布于爵山沟组、桥亭子组、天马山组,泥(页)岩(板岩)-硅岩型岩石组合分布于烟溪组。通过岩性、古生物、沉积构造等相标志分析,认为研究区奥陶系沉积环境为深水斜坡至盆地环境,发育深水原地沉积和浊流沉积,并建立了沉积模式,同时分析其沉积演化过程。研究区奥陶系总体表现为水体逐渐上升,经历过一次完整的海进-海退旋回:第一次海进始于下奥陶统桥亭子组,上奥陶统天马山组海退开始。