Transformation of ammonium nitrogen and response characteristics of nitrifying functional genes in tannery sludge contaminated soil

High concentrations of ammonium nitrogen released from tannery sludge during storage in open air may cause nitrogen pollution to soil and groundwater. To study the transformation mechanism of NH₄⁺-N by nitrifying functional bacteria in tannery sludge contaminated soils, a series of contaminated soil culture experiments were conducted in this study. The contents of ammonium nitrogen (as NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (as NO₂^?-N) and nitrate nitrogen (as NO₃^?-N) were analyzed during the culture period under different conditions of pollution load, soil particle and redox environment. Sigmodial equation was used to interpret the change of NO₃^?-N with time in contaminated soils. The abundance variations of nitrifying functional genes (amoA and nxrA) were also detected using the real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR method. The results show that the nitrification of NH₄⁺-N was aggravated in the contaminated silt soil and fine sand under the condition of lower pollution load, finer particle size and more oxidizing environment. The sigmodial equation well fitted the dynamic accumulation curve of the NO₃^?-N content in the tannery sludge contaminated soils. The Cr(III) content increased with increasing pollution load, which inhibited the reproduction and activity of nitrifying bacteria in the soils, especially in coarse-grained soil. The accumulation of NO₂^?-N contents became more obvious with the increase of pollution load in the fine sand, and only 41.5% of the NH₄⁺-N was transformed to NO₃^?-N. The redox environment was the main factor affecting nitrification process in the soil. Compared to the aerobic soil environment, the transformation of NH₄⁺-N was significantly inhibited under anaerobic incubation condition, and the NO₃^?-N contents decreased by 37.2%, 61.9% and 91.9% under low, medium and high pollution loads, respectively. Nitrification was stronger in the silt soil since its copy number of amoA and nxrA genes was two times larger than that of fine sand. Moreover, the copy numbers of amoA and nxrA genes in the silt soil under the aerobic environment were 2.7 times and 2.2 times larger than those in the anaerobic environment. The abundance changes of the amoA and nxrA functional genes have a positive correlation with the nitrification intensity in the tannery sludge-contaminated soil.     

Experimental study on the dynamic modulus of compacted loess under bidirectional dynamic load

The dynamic characteristics of compacted loess are of great significance to the seismic construction of the Loess Plateau area in Northwest China, where earthquakes frequently occur. To study the change in the dynamic modulus of the foundation soil under the combined action of vertical and horizontal earthquakes, a hollow cylindrical torsion shear instrument capable of vibrating in four directions was used to perform two-way coupling of compression and torsion of Xi'an compacted loess under different dry density and deviator stress ratios. The results show that increasing the dry density can improve the initial dynamic compression modulus and initial dynamic shear modulus of compacted loess. With an increase in the deviator stress ratio, the initial dynamic compression modulus increases, to a certain extent, but the initial dynamic shear modulus decreases slightly. The dynamic modulus gradually decreases with the development of dynamic strain and tends to be stable, and the dynamic modulus that reaches the same strain increases with an increasing dry density. At the initial stage of dynamic loading, the attenuation of the dynamic shear modulus with the strain development is faster than that of the dynamic compression modulus. Compared with previous research results, it is determined that the dynamic modulus of loess under bidirectional dynamic loading is lower and the attenuation rate is faster than that under single-direction dynamic loading. The deviator stress ratio has a more obvious effect on the dynamic compression modulus. The increase in the deviator stress ratio can increase the dynamic compression modulus, to a certain extent. However, the deviator stress ratio has almost no effect on the dynamic shear modulus, and can therefore be ignored.     

基于扩展有限元分析的页岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律探究

水力压裂是开采地下页岩气资源的有效技术手段,探究页岩水力压裂裂缝的扩展规律,可为页岩气的高效开采提供科学的指导依据。通过运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS中的扩展有限元模块,针对不同地应力差工况条件下均质页岩中初始裂缝的位置、方位角、数量和含层理页岩中层理的构造方向、内部倾角、岩性对水力裂缝扩展的影响进行探究。结果表明：对于垂向扩展的水力裂缝,水平主应力增大使裂缝更不易扩展,裂缝扩展长度减小、起裂压力增大;在注液体积流量相同时,向初始裂缝两端同时起裂所形成的水力裂缝长度大于仅向一侧起裂;当初始裂缝处于页岩中部且呈45°方向时,裂缝会向最大水平主应力方向偏转,且偏转程度随最大水平主应力的增大而增大;分时多簇压裂时,裂缝间的扩展会相互干扰,且会较大地影响裂缝扩展的形态和起裂压力,但对裂缝注液点裂缝宽度的影响较小;对于含水平和竖直构造层理的页岩,改变层理内部倾角,水力裂缝会出现不同程度偏转,且其偏转程度随着层理内部倾角的增大而减小;对于含45°方向构造层理的页岩,水力裂缝在层理分别为砂岩、煤岩和泥岩中的偏转程度依次增大,且裂缝偏移比随着最大水平主应力的增大而增大。     

洗砂泥浆压滤脱水性能及快速检测方法

工程渣土在水洗砂过程中产生的洗砂泥浆存在脱水效果差、不稳定的问题,这与泥浆的脱水性能密切相关。通过模拟现场洗砂工艺获得不同脱水性能的洗砂泥浆,开展了改进滤失试验及模拟压滤试验,研究了洗砂泥浆脱水性能受洗砂工艺的影响规律,获得了一种能够快速表征泥浆脱水性能的指标,用以指导优化渣土洗砂工艺。结果表明：洗砂泥浆脱水性能受洗砂粒径和加水量影响明显,滤失量及渗透系数与脱水性能有较好的相关关系;而30 min滤失量与最终滤失量、最终泥饼含水率呈现较好的相关性,能够较准确地反映泥浆脱水性能;经模拟压滤试验进一步验证,30 min滤失量可以作为洗砂泥浆脱水性能的快速表征指标。基于此提出了一套洗砂泥浆脱水性能的快速检测及工程渣土洗砂工艺优化方法,能够及时为洗砂工艺参数调整提供指导,以获得脱水性能较优的洗砂泥浆,最终使脱水效果得以改善和稳定。     

煤巷弱胶结顶板稳定性分析与变形控制技术

煤层顶板为弱胶结岩体时稳定性差,常在煤炭回采过程中或巷道掘进时发生大变形或失稳等现象,维护难度较大。针对煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板力学特征与变形控制等问题,以广西林场煤矿煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板支护工程为工程背景,采用现场调研、实验室试验、理论分析等方法进行研究。通过现场调研,发现研究巷道有顶板岩层自承能力差、受水环境影响、支护结构失效率高、底板受水影响底鼓量大、受采动影响等特征;顶板岩石点荷载试验表明,其单轴抗压强度仅为1.9～ 2.3 MPa,采用电镜扫描发现,弱胶结粉砂岩以粗粒矿物为骨架;在普氏理论的基础上,推导了巷道顶板和两帮承压极限表达式,提出了提高巷道围岩整体强度和承载能力、确定合理的锚杆支护参数、顶板设计锚索加强支护等弱胶结巷道围岩控制要点。依据试验分析与理论研究成果,提出了以注浆加固为基础,锚杆和锚索联合支护的控制方案,并在林场煤矿进行了工业性试验。现场监测数据表明,设计的支护方案可以有效地控制煤巷弱胶结粉砂岩顶板变形。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

洞穴滴水、石笋中元素及元素比值对气候环境变化响应的研究进展

滴水/石笋元素是除δ18O和δ13C,研究气候环境变化的又一重要代用指标。外界气候环境变化通过改变表层岩溶带和岩溶含水层中的水文环境,甚至洞穴环境,进而影响元素的溶解、运移和沉淀过程,从而使得滴水/石笋中元素表现一定的变化规律。本文通过分析影响洞穴滴水元素及元素比值变化的因素：元素来源、水—岩相互作用和滞留时间、差异性淋滤、先期碳酸盐沉淀及分配系数的基础上,从元素对岩溶区“二元结构”和极端天气/气候事件响应的角度,探讨了滴水/石笋中元素的气候环境指示意义。取得了以下认识：① 强降水带来的冲刷作用和溶解作用,促进土壤和基岩中元素、胶体和天然有机质（NOM：Natural Organic Matter）等物质在短时间内快速溶解和运移,使滴水中元素含量增加;但随着降水增多带来的稀释作用,使得滴水/石笋中Mg,Sr和Ba等元素含量降低,因此,单一元素的解译较为复杂;② 基岩/溶液中元素溶解和沉积的差异,导致元素相对含量的变化,使得元素X/Ca值对外界环境的响应具有一致性,尤其是Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值：在干旱条件下,降水减少导致方解石先期沉积（PCP：Prior Calcite precipitation）作用增强,使Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值增大。但目前存在着一些问题：① Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca值变化对强降水事件的响应并不明显,可能与新、老水混合及元素溶解过程中的溶解比例差别不大有关;② 多源、多期混合水源会导致洞穴滴水元素对极端事件响应减弱;③ Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca的变化为解释δ18O的“雨量效应”及“源效应”提供了见解,但元素变化能否反映季风强度的变化,仍有待进一步的研究。基于以上认识,笔者提出开展更加系统的大气—土壤—包气带—洞穴的监测;开展更高分辨率、更长时间尺度的洞穴监测;开展多区域、多洞穴系统对比研究来更加深入地开展洞穴石笋元素研究。     

青藏高原腹地各拉丹冬南北坡多年冻土考察初步结果

青藏高原唐古拉山南北两侧在地形地貌、地理和气候特征上存在显著差异,多年冻土的发育状况和特征也明显不同。受第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究等项目资助,多年冻土对亚洲水塔的影响专题考察分队分别于2019年和2020年的10—11月对唐古拉山各拉丹冬南侧的色林错上游扎加藏布源区（简称“湖源区”）和北侧的长江上游沱沱河源区（简称“江源区”）进行了多年冻土野外考察。利用钻探、坑探、地球物理勘探等方法对多年冻土的分布边界、多年冻土剖面的地层、地下冰等特征进行了描述和取样,同步构建了多年冻土温度和活动层水热观测网络,为多年冻土对亚洲水塔影响的机理分析、数值模拟以及情景预估提供数据保障。对野外调查资料的初步分析认为,各拉丹冬南北两坡地层沉积类型和地下冰赋存状态存在明显差异,北坡多年冻土的热稳定性、地下冰含量、冰缘地貌类型多样性均高于南坡,但由于受到构造地热、河流融区等多种因素的影响,北坡的冻土分布形式更为复杂。江源区100 m钻孔剖面揭示了连续分布的、厚度大于50 m的地下冰;在该区域发现了多年生冻胀丘分布群,并利用钻探和地球物理勘探方法对该区域规模最大、结构最完整的冰核型冻胀丘进行了较为系统的勘察剖析。两次野外调查工作共采集钻孔岩心、表层土壤、冰水等各类样本近1.2万件,为后期区域冻土理化指标分析,冻土环境化学、古气候环境研究的开展奠定基础。     

山地冰川演化与冰湖发育相互作用机制北大核心CSCD

冰川-冰湖耦合过程是冰冻圈物质与能量循环的重要组成部分,系统刻画冰川演化与冰湖发育过程的相互作用机制,对于完善冰冻圈科学理论体系和认知冰川作用区变化规律、水循环模式和灾害效应具有重要意义。本文立足山地冰川演化和冰湖发育过程,系统归纳了冰川-冰湖相互作用研究进展,剖析了冰川作用与冰湖发育耦合机制及相关模型的应用,并对现有冰川演化与冰湖发育过程耦合机制研究存在的不足与挑战进行解析和总结。冰川-冰湖耦合过程的深入研究有助于提高数值模拟的可信度与精度,为评估冰川-冰湖耦合过程影响、建立灾害监测预警体系和采取适应性措施提供数据与理论基础。     

甘肃厂坝-李家沟超大型铅锌矿床成矿金属来源——来自闪锌矿原位S-Pb和Zn同位素证据

甘肃厂坝-李家沟铅锌矿床位于西秦岭多金属成矿带内的西成矿集区,为矿集区内重要的超大型铅锌矿床。矿体赋存在中泥盆统安家岔组的白云石化大理岩及石英片岩中,其成因认识一直存在争议,主要分歧集中在是同生还是后生。文章对不同成矿阶段的闪锌矿,采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)测定Zn同位素组成、采用激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)原位微区分析技术测定S、Pb同位素组成,示踪成矿物质来源,并分析矿物沉淀机制,为深入理解矿床成因提供新的精细证据。研究结果显示,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个成矿阶段闪锌矿的δ⁶⁶Zn分别为0.08‰~0.29‰,平均0.20‰;0.19‰~0.37‰,平均0.30‰;0.36‰~0.37‰,平均0.37‰。其中,Ⅰ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅰ值为20.9‰~26.1‰,平均24.4‰;Ⅱ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅱ值为12.2‰~21.9‰,平均19.1‰;Ⅲ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅲ值为18.2‰~24.7‰,平均21.5‰。3个阶段的矿石矿物Pb同位素组成变化不大,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.922~18.013,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.567~15.647,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为37.990~38.266。δ⁶⁶Zn同位素值显示,成矿金属早期来源于围岩海相碳酸盐岩,由于混合了岩浆热液或者是瑞利分馏作用,在成矿作用中后期δ⁶⁶Zn同位素逐渐上升。δ³⁴S同位素值显示,早期硫源主要为地层中的硫酸盐,中后期的δ³⁴S同位素值降低,可能是成矿流体中岩浆热液中的S^2-成分逐渐增多导致,闪锌矿为硫酸盐通过TSR反应沉淀成矿。Pb同位素指示成矿物质来源于上地壳,并混入了部分古老的变质基底的成分。笔者研究发现,厂坝-李家沟铅锌矿的成矿机制为不同来源的流体混合,随着pH值、成矿流体的温度发生变化而沉淀成矿。