北京平原区地质剖面的初步建立——太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层

北京平原目前尚未建立系统的地质剖面。1867年庞培莱将北京西山分为3大系,1871年李希霍芬提出震旦系、划分12层。1922年葛利普将震旦系限定在前寒武系,1923年田奇镌将南口剖面划分为7个岩组,1934年高振西将震旦系3分(南口群、蓟县群、青白口群)。1976年乔秀夫3分青白口群(下马岭组、龙山组和景儿峪组),1980年汪长庆等将十三陵剖面分为4系12组,1991版《北京市区域地质志》将十三陵剖面分为3系12组。本文初步建立平原区地层表,详细描述太古宙结晶基底和元古宙地层剖面,在京南大兴区的榆垡(兴热-1井)和安定(兴热-2井)发现太古宙片麻岩,在京热-70井、京热-59井、京热-71井和京热-75井编录蓟县纪地层,利用亦庄小学钻孔厘定待建系下马岭组、青白口纪龙山组和景儿峪组。     

昌宁-孟连结合带牛井山早古生代埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石成因及其地质意义

昌宁-孟连结合带是西南三江地区重要的古特提斯结合带,本文报道该带牛井山蛇绿混杂岩带内的早古生代英云闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素、全岩地球化学特征,探讨其岩石成因,揭示早古生代(原)特提斯演化过程和恢复古地理格局。利用LA-ICP-MS对英云闪长岩进行锆石U-Pb定年,获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为468±2Ma(MSWD=1.4,n=22),代表岩浆岩结晶时代。对锆石进行原位微区Hf同位素分析获得锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=+1.6~+2.8。牛井山英云闪长岩具有高的SiO_2(61.6%~67.16%),Al_2O_3(15.4%~17.64%),Na_2O(2.93%~3.25%)含量,高的Na_2O/K_2O(3.9~5.4)比值。微量元素具有高Sr(469×10~(-6)~533×10~(-6)),低Yb(0.66×10~(-6)~1.22×10~(-6))和Y(8.5×10~(-6)~16.3×10~(-6)),Eu正异常(1.01~1.37)的特征。此外,在同等SiO 2条件下,还具有相对高的Mg~#和MgO(Mg~#=50~51,MgO=2.84%~3.58%)。这些特征表明英云闪长岩具有高镁埃达克岩的性质。岩石成因研究表明牛井山高镁埃达克岩很可能是俯冲洋壳加上部分大洋沉积物部分熔融并与上覆地幔橄榄岩反应的产物。早古生代洋壳俯冲成因的埃达克岩的发现证明昌宁-孟连特提斯洋演化历史可追溯至约468Ma。昌宁-孟连结合带早古生代岩浆作用与龙木错-双湖结合带早古生代洋壳残片的时代一致、构造属性相似,我们认为昌宁-孟连结合带与木错-双湖结合带可对比,它们代表了一个统一的古生代特提斯大洋残余。     

四川会理天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿的成因关系探讨

天宝山矿床是川滇黔接壤铅锌矿集区内的代表性铅锌矿床之一,赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩中。近年来,该矿床深部发现了以铜为主的矿化,甚至形成铜矿体。目前,对铜矿成因及其与铅锌矿的关系尚不清晰。本文报道新发现铜矿的矿物学和同位素地球化学资料,以期揭示铜矿的成矿物质来源,结合铅锌矿的相关研究,探讨铜矿形成机制及其与铅锌矿的成因关系。镜下观察和扫描电镜分析显示,铜矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铜矿和银黝铜矿,其次为方铅矿和毒砂,含少量闪锌矿和黄铁矿;铅锌矿石中闪锌矿是主要金属矿物,方铅矿和黄铁矿次之,含少量黄铜矿和深红银矿。铜矿石中闪锌矿主要呈半自形-他形粒状,与黄铜矿共生或被其包裹,方铅矿主要呈细脉状充填在黄铜矿、银黝铜矿和毒砂的裂隙中或呈他形粒状分布在这些矿物中;铅锌矿石中黄铜矿主要呈浸染状分布于闪锌矿之中。两类矿石金属矿物的组构特征,显示铜矿物与铅锌矿物具有密切的共生、穿插和包裹关系,应属同期成矿。同位素地球化学数据显示,铜矿石中黄铜矿的δ34SCDT值为3.9‰~4.2‰(均值为4.1‰,n=3),铅锌矿石闪锌矿的δ34SCDT值为3.3‰~3.9‰(均值为3.5‰,n=3),十分相近,暗示它们具有相似的S源,应均属赋矿地层海相蒸发岩中硫酸盐热化学还原作用的产物。铜矿石中黄铜矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.441~18.476(均值为18.461,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.731~15.751(均值为15.741,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.809~38.873(均值为38.849,n=3),μ=9.72~9.76;铅锌矿石中方铅矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.442~18.480(均值为18.455,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.746~15.763(均值为15.752,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.793~38.892(均值为38.840,n=3),μ=9.75~9.78。两者具有相近的Pb同位素组成且其壳源特征明显,表明它们的成矿金属来源相似,均来自上地壳,与赋矿沉积岩有关。综上,矿物学和同位素地球化学证据表明,天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿具有明显的同期共生关系和相似的成矿物质来源,是同一成矿热液体系不同阶段演化的产物。天宝山铜铅锌矿床与MVT矿床的成矿特征不同,暗示其成矿作用(环境)特殊,可能与矿床所处的地质背景有关,其成因认识对川滇黔接壤区同类型矿床深部找铜矿具有重要的指导意义。     

内蒙古巴林左旗九井子蛇绿岩锆石U-Pb定年:对西拉木伦河缝合带形成演化的约束

本文对位于西拉木伦河蛇绿岩带东段的九井子蛇绿岩中辉长岩脉以及蛇绿岩的围岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明辉长岩的形成时代为(274.7±1.7)Ma,MSWD=0.079,属于早二叠世晚期;结合前人地层、古生物、岩浆岩等方面的资料,表明内蒙古东南部早二叠世晚期还可能存在大洋盆地。与九井子蛇绿岩呈断层接触的粉砂岩碎屑锆石年龄大致构成4个峰值:2350~2700 Ma、1700~2100 Ma、370~470 Ma和250~290 Ma,通过与区域构造热事件的对比分析,表明其物源主要来自中朝古板块的北缘。粉砂岩中最小的锆石年龄为晚二叠世末—早三叠世初((249±4.7)Ma),该年龄与内蒙古东南部海相地层消失的时代、安加拉植物群和华夏植物群出现混生的时代、西伯利亚和中朝古板块古纬度曲线收敛的时代以及区域上与碰撞相关的岩浆岩形成时代大致相同,据此本文认为九井子蛇绿岩的构造侵位时代应为晚二叠世末—早三叠世初,同时也可能代表古亚洲洋的最终闭合时代。     

MASNUM-WAM海浪模式集合Kalman滤波同化研究-I.风场扰动对海浪模拟影响

模式集合样本的代表性和观测信息的可靠性是制约数据同化效果的重要因素,而前者对海浪模式同化的影响尤为显著。由于海浪模式对初始场的敏感性较弱,来自大气的风输入源函数是海浪的重要能量输入,如何合理地对风输入进行扰动,构造海浪的集合模式运行,是实现和改进海浪模式集合Kalman滤波同化的关键问题。为了实现海浪模式集合运行,本文提出了风场的三种集合扰动方案,分别为：纯随机数、随机场和时间滞后的风场扰动方法。本研究利用2014年1月ECMWF全球风场,基于这三种风场扰动方法开展了集合海浪模式的集合运行实验,并统计分析了海浪特征要素（有效波高）和二维波数谱对风场扰动的响应。结果表明,随机场集合扰动方案所构造的风场集合效果最佳,所得海浪模拟结果的集合样本发散度适中,能够较为合理地反映背景误差的统计特征,可用于进一步的集合Kalman滤波海浪数据同化实验。     

Underwater Navigation Based on Real-Time Simultaneous Sound Speed Profile Correction

Precise sound speed profile (SSP) information is critical when using sonar for underwater terrain navigation. Nevertheless, acquiring SSP information in real-time is difficult, especially in underwater navigation environment. To account for this problem, this paper presents an underwater navigation method that applies real-time SSP correction to the terrain measurements. The method uses a probe to measure the surface sound speed simultaneously. Meanwhile, redundancy of topographic measurement data is exploited to derive the equivalent SSP information. The acquired equivalent SSP is updated continuously with particle filter algorithm. The terrain measurements can be corrected in real-time with the equivalent SSP to improve the performance of underwater terrain navigation. By removing the impact of inaccurate SSP from the terrain measurements, the proposed method can achieve precise and robust underwater navigation result without using an underway-profiling instrument. Simulated results confirm the good performance of the proposed method.     

Application research of enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation of petroleum contaminated soil

Experimental study of enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation of petroleum contaminated loess soil was carried out in Zhongyuan oil production areas, and the enhanced in-situ micro-ecological remediation technique includes optimistic in-situ microbial communities, physical chemistry methods, alfalfa planting and regulation of soil environmental elements. Experiments showed that the oil content in the contaminated soil with oil content about 2 898.25 mg/kg can be reduced about 98.61% after in-situ micro-ecological remediation for 99 days, which demonstrated the effectiveness of in-situ micro-ecological remediation methods for petroleum contaminated soil in central plains of China, and explored the practical and feasible application of these methods.     

Iron Reduction Along an Inundation Gradient in a Tidal Sedge (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyperus malaccensis</Emphasis>) Marsh: the Rates,Pathways, and Contributions to Anaerobic Organic Matter Mineralization

Incubation experiments were adopted to characterize the rates and pathways of iron reduction and the contributions to anaerobic organic matter mineralization in the upper 0–5 cm of sediments along a landscape-scale inundation gradient in tidal marsh sediments in the Min River Estuary, Southeast China. Similar sediment characteristics, single-species vegetation, varied biomass and bioturbation, distinct porewater pH, redox potential, and electrical conductivity values have resulted in a unique ecogeochemical zonation along the inundation gradient. Decreases in solid-phase Fe(III) and increases in nonsulfidic Fe(II) and iron sulfide were observed in a seaward direction. Porewater Fe²⁺ was only detected in the upland area. High rates of iron reduction were observed in incubation jars, with significant accumulations of nonsulfidic Fe(II), moderate accumulations of iron sulfides, and negligible accumulations of porewater Fe²⁺. Most of the iron reduction was microbially mediated rather than coupled to reduced sulfides. Microbial iron reduction accounted for 20–89 % of the anaerobic organic matter mineralization along the inundation gradient. The rate and dominance of microbial iron reduction generally decreased in a seaward direction. The contributions of microbial iron reduction to anaerobic organic matter mineralization depended on the concentrations of bioavailable Fe(III), the spatial distribution of which was significantly related to tidal inundation. Our results clearly showed that microbial iron reduction in the upper sediments along the gradient is highly dependent on spatial scales controlled primarily by tidal inundation.     

全球气候变化背景下深圳海域海洋环境响应及对策

全球气候变化对人类社会和经济建设产生了广泛而深刻的影响。伴随着近期明显的全球气候变化趋势,在过去30年的短暂时间里,沿海城市深圳从一个小渔村迅速发展成中国的第四大城市,也由此伴生出现了诸多海洋相关的环境和经济问题。文章对全球气候变化以及人类活动影响下深圳周边海域的气候与环境的变迁及其风险进行了探讨,并提出了相应的对策,包括建设海洋观测网络、宣传教育、将气候变化纳入环境评估体系、主动干预等。海洋环境的可持续性是保障深圳市经济健康发展的关键条件之一,相关的结论也为全球关键城市气候变化的风险评估和管理提供了借鉴。     

海洋科考船即时通信技术支持能力及应用研究

当今通信技术的发展和应用已渗透到人类社会的各个领域,对社会发展产生巨大影响。在海洋领域,通信技术经历多次重大跨越,从最原始的旗语到现在的卫星移动通信,海陆之间的联系已经变得较为便利。但目前我国海陆即时通信技术还不够完善,给科考船的深远海作业带来诸多不便,轻则影响作业进度,重则造成巨额经济损失甚至人员伤亡。在卫星电话、电子邮件等通信方式存在信号不稳定、直观性差、即时性低等弊端的情况下,研究和开发较为成熟的海陆即时通信技术极为必要。文章探讨科考船在海上作业期间与陆地进行即时通信的方法和可行性,为今后这项技术的发展提供参考。