阳澄湖水质现状及原因探讨

阳澄湖丰水期和枯水期水质调查结果显示:TN、叶绿素、TP和CODMn丰枯期都呈从西湖区向东湖区递减趋势,且一般枯水期大于丰水期,TP反之;丰枯期水质均较差,为Ⅳ类或劣Ⅴ类,污染物主要为TN和TP;富营养化加重趋势有所缓解,但水体仍呈富营养化状态。氮磷来源分析表明:丰枯期NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N与TN以及丰水期PO₄^3--P与TP有显著正相关关系。叶绿素浓度与TN在枯水期有显著相关性,其他时期叶绿素浓度与TN、TP的相关性均不显著。阳澄湖养殖活动和底泥营养盐释放可能是导致上述变化的主要原因。     

广西南丹大厂矿区地震活动特征分析

本文收集了2009年12月至2010年4月广西南丹大厂矿区地震监测台网记录到的421次M_L≥0.5可定位地震事件(含爆破)时空分布情况, 从实际调查和波形特征分析排除爆破记录后, 研究震级较大的几次矿震震源机制解, 按小时段统计爆破频次与能量释放关系。 结果表明, 矿震断裂走向与区域构造较为一致。 矿山地下开采量增加以及之前出现的近半年历史上罕见的干旱气象因素, 在震级较大的人工爆破触发下, 影响了局部构造应力场的稳定性, 由此引发了一系列矿震。     

一种砂砾岩介质岩心表征的新方法

针对纵向非均质性严重的砂砾岩油藏,基于典型的分层砂砾岩图像,在不同层位选取代表性的岩心薄片分别构建相应的三维数字岩心,采用合并法构建砂砾岩数字岩心,并提取相应的孔隙网络模型,采用常规法构建相应的砂砾岩孔隙网络模型,对常规法和合并法得到的孔隙网络模型结构特征和渗透率特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明,合并法构建的砂砾岩孔隙网络模型能够描述其孔隙结构特征,且能有效地描述出砂岩介质在横向和纵向渗透率的差异特征,可为砂砾岩油藏岩心的精确表征及渗流机制的分析提供一套有效地研究思路。     

干密度对路基性能的影响研究

通过滤纸法试验,测得3种干密度下的土-水特征曲线,拟合得到3种干密度下的Van Genuchten模型参数,分析干密度对土-水特征曲线及Van Genuchten模型参数的影响。通过室内回弹模量试验,分析压实度和含水率对回弹模量的影响,并建立回弹模量与压实度和含水率之间的关系式。基于水力耦合机制,结合试验结果建立地下水位变化作用下的路基湿度及变形的动态响应模型,计算地下水位从-6 m上升到-3 m后,路基的含水率和回弹模量分布以及路基的变形。计算结果表明,干密度对土-水特征曲线Van Genuchten模型参数产生显著影响,饱和体积含水率随着干密度的增大线性减小,残余体积含水率随着干密度的增大线性增大,参数a与进气值的倒数线性相关,参数n随干密度的增大线性增大;回弹模量随着含水率的增大而减小,随着干密度的增大而增大;地下水位上升导致路基土的含水率显著增加,回弹模量明显下降,引起不可忽视的路基变形;不同填筑压实度下,地下水位变化引起的路基变形差异很明显,控制路基土的压实度是提高路基土性能的有效途径。     

湖南道县铁锰矿区岩溶发育影响因素分析

湖南道县铁锰矿区岩溶发育主要受地层岩性、地形地貌、断裂构造等因素的控制,岩溶形态主要有溶洞、暗河、溶沟、溶槽、漏斗、落水洞和溶蚀洼地等,岩溶非均一性特征明显。在地层岩性上,以矿区CaO含量最高的上泥盆统佘田桥组和锡矿山组下段二至四层白云质灰岩、白云岩与锡矿山组下段第一层泥灰岩、泥质灰岩隔水层交界部位岩溶最为发育,佘田桥组见溶洞260个,占总溶洞数的96.7%。在平面上,岩溶以中部及北部地势平坦的覆盖岩溶区最为发育,见洞率54.8%,其次是岩石裸露的东部及南部低山丘陵区,矿区南部见洞率40.4%。在垂向上,由浅及深岩溶发育由强至弱,标高0~220m钻孔揭露溶洞237个,占溶洞总数的86.5%,-150~0m揭露溶洞28个,占溶洞总数的10.2%,-400m以下无溶洞及溶蚀现象。在地质构造上,断裂及其影响带岩溶较发育,断裂带见溶洞209个,占总见洞数的76.3%,且溶洞充填率较高。      

Quantifying the Spatial Characteristics of the Moisture Transport Affecting Precipitation Seasonality and Recycling Variability in Central Asia

Moisture contribution and transport pathways for Central Asia(CA)are quantitatively examined using the Lagrangian water cycle model based on reanalysis and observational data to explain the precipitation seasonality and the moisture transport variation during 1979-2015.Westerly-related(northwesterly and westerly)transport explains 42%of CA precipitation and dominates in southwest CA,where precipitation is greatest in the cold season.Southeast CA,including part of Northwest China,experiences its maximum precipitation in the warm season and is solely dominated by southerly transport,which explains about 48%of CA precipitation.The remaining 10%of CA precipitation is explained by northerly transport,which steadily impacts north CA and causes a maximum in precipitation in the warm season.Most CA areas are exposed to seasonally varying moisture transport,except for southeast and north CA,which are impacted by southerly and northerly transport year-round.In general,the midlatitude westerlies-driven transport and the Indian monsoon-driven southerly-related transport explain most of the spatial differences in precipitation seasonality over CA.Moreover,the contribution ratio of local evaporation in CA to precipitation exhibits significant interdecadal variability and a meridionally oriented tripole of moisture transport anomalies.Since the early 2000s,CA has experienced a decade of anomalously low local moisture contribution,which seems jointly determined by the weakened moisture contribution from midlatitudes(the Atlantic,Europe,and CA itself)and the enhanced contribution from high latitudes(West Siberia and the Arctic)and tropical areas(South Asia and the Indian Ocean).     

The trend on runoff variations in the Lhasa River Basin

Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan Plateau as a study area, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff during 1956?2003 were analyzed, based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations (Lhasa and Tanggya) and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations (Damxung, Lhasa and Tanggya). The trends and the change points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between runoff and climate change were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean runoff during the last 50 years is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change points (around 1970 and the early 1980s), after which the runoff tended to in-crease and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is centralized in winter half-year (November to April) and some other months (May, July and September). (2) The trends of the climate change in the study area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter season.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the Selenga River Delta

In order to estimate the present-day pollution levels in the ecosystem of the Se-lenga River Delta and to monitor the changes caused by the discharge of household refuse and industrial wastes, as well as the functioning of the agricultural and stock farming, a comprehensive study of the water and bottom sediments in the main branches of the Selenga River Delta was carried out. This study has determined the concentrations of heavy metals in river water and bottom sediments in its delta.     

黄河源区玛多县沙漠化成因与发展过程

通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌.     

冰川槽谷横剖面定量化研究方法及其影响因素

冰川槽谷(“U”形谷)是冰川与下伏基岩相互作用的结果, 是典型的冰蚀地形, 对其定量化研究是了解冰川作用过程以及冰川槽谷演化过程的重要途径. 二次多项式(y=A+Bx+Cx²)和幂函数(y=ax^b)是定量描述冰川槽谷形态的两种较普遍的方法, 二次多项式可以描述冰川槽谷的整体形态且不需要考虑高程基准面的选择, 但是该方法不能用于槽谷间的比较且其只能较准确地描述接近抛物线的横剖面; 幂函数不但可以反映不同作用过程形成的谷地, 还能在不同横剖面间进行比较, 但幂函数在应用过程过会受到坐标原点选取、 对数变化、 后期堆积以及横剖面不对称的影响, 其运用过程更加复杂. 此外, 相同的幂函数指数b可能指示不同的槽谷形态, 形态比率FR的引入并与指数b结合起来使对槽谷形态的描述更加全面. 从冰川动力和外部环境方面出发, 影响槽谷形态的因素主要有冰川作用时间、 基岩的抗侵蚀能力、 岩性的分布以及裂隙、 冰量、 气候、 构造和冰川性质, 后三者对槽谷形态的定量化影响需要进一步进行探讨. 运用不同地区槽谷形态参数所做b~FR图探讨了山地冰川槽谷的发育模式, 发现山地冰川槽谷存在对应于两种不同冰川性质的相反的发育模式, 但是由于岩性、 气候等其他因素的影响, 造成了冰川槽谷发育模式有时出现了不对应的情况.