南极东方站深冰层及冰下湖钻探技术

自1970年至今,前苏联和俄罗斯在南极东方站持续进行了近50年的冰层钻探活动,先后攻克了包含粒雪层、冰层、冰岩夹层和湖水冻结冰的复杂冰层钻进难题,逐渐形成了一套集热融取芯钻探、电动机械取芯钻探和分支孔钻探等为一体的深冰芯钻探技术。创造了冰层最深干孔钻进深度记录（952.4 m）、最深热融取芯钻进记录（2755 m）、最深冰芯钻探记录（3769.3 m）,累计进尺达13000 m,并获取了总长超46 m的含湖水冻结冰样品的冰芯。东方站的钻探活动对极地冰层钻探技术的发展起到了巨大的推动和引领作用,同时积累了宝贵的深冰钻探经验。通过对东方站深冰钻探技术的系统梳理,将为我国正在实施的深冰芯钻探和即将开启的冰下湖科学钻探提供重要的借鉴。     

新型同径分层止水工艺在地热探采深井的应用

原平大营地热探采结合深井完钻井深3088 m,为探明494~3088 m变质岩地层的水文地质参数和水源补给情况,基于岩心和测井资料划分4个抽水试验段,且试验后需要恢复目的含水层。根据“一孔同径分层止水”原则,设计了管内止水托盘止水、管外止水伞止水的新型同径分层止水工艺。该工艺简化了井身结构,避免了管外投粘土球、注水泥等堵塞含水层的情况。现场实施表明,该工艺止水效果完全满足水文地质抽水试验要求,可为同类工程提供经验和借鉴。     

水合物地层低热固井水泥浆用相变微胶囊的制备及应用

当深海固井遇到天然气水合物地层时,由于水泥浆水化放热,导致水合物的相变平衡条件发生改变,诱发水合物分解,引起二界面胶结质量下降等问题。为提高水合物地层固井质量,可向水泥浆中添加具有吸热控温作用的相变微胶囊,可有效降低固井水泥浆的水化升温。基于此,以配比石蜡为控温芯材、碳酸钙为壁材,利用自组装法制备了一种使用于深水水合物地层固井水泥浆控温微胶囊。由于固井水泥浆在达到水合物地层的过程中,外界温度环境复杂,单一相变温度的控温芯材极易失效。为扩展控温区间,选用切片石蜡与白油作为混合芯材,控温区间达到14.8~39.8 ℃。研究表明,该微胶囊表观形态良好、彼此无团聚,在热循环过程中,不易发生泄漏。与水泥浆复配后,对水泥浆流变性能无明显影响。在低掺加量时,微胶囊主要起降低水泥浆峰值温度的效果,并提升水泥石整体力学强度;高掺加量时,微胶囊既可以有效降低水泥浆峰值温度,也可以明显地延缓水泥浆放热速率。     

固体矿产绿色勘查钻探技术方法探索与实践

西安矿产资源调查中心针对现有固体矿产地质调查（勘查）项目,积极探索和实践绿色地质勘查工作技术方法,因地制宜应用全液压履带钻机、便携式模块化钻机实施“一基多孔”,采用背包钻实施“以钻代槽”,通过优选环保型冲洗液,净化处理废弃冲洗液,控制临时占地规模等具体措施。与传统机场规格相比占地面积减少了80%~85%,临时便道修筑减少了60%~65%,工后复垦复绿达到了80%以上。通过绿色勘查成本费用分析,人员、临时用地（青苗）补偿、绿色环保材料及复垦复绿等费用成本总和降低了40%左右。最后探索实践了绿色勘查工作保障措施,对下一步绿色勘查工作提出了建议,为加强绿色勘查工作理念、完善相关的制度法规、激发绿色勘查工作活力提供了积极的导向。     

广西巴马玉的矿物学特征及其成因探讨

继贵州罗甸、广西大化发现多个新型透闪石玉矿床之后,在同属黔桂地区的广西巴马亦发现了透闪石玉矿。通过偏光显微镜镜下观察、X射线衍射仪、电子探针及重砂分析等测试手段对广西巴马玉的宝玉石矿物学特征进行了研究,发现巴马玉主要由微晶透闪石组成,具毛毡状结构和束状结构,多见水草花结构,其主要矿物成分为微晶透闪石集合体,并含有滑石、褐铁矿、高岭石等次要矿物,Mg~(2+)/(Mg~(2+)+Fe~(2+))-Si投点显示数个巴马玉样品分别属于透闪石和阳起石,定名为闪石玉。巴马透闪石玉的密度为2.81～3.00 g/cm3,折射率为1.61,硬度为5.19～5.32,次要矿物滑石是导致其硬度低的原因。根据电子探针数据计算出巴马玉相关化学式并对比分析,发现巴马玉样品中C位Fe~(2+)的数量为0.08～0.67 a.p.f.u,随着样品颜色从淡紫到青灰到深青灰变化,C位Fe~(2+)的数量也相继增加,说明颜色的变青加深与巴马玉Fe元素的含量增加有关。X射线衍射分析结果显示水草花的矿物成分中有针铁矿的存在,说明巴马玉水草花为地表次生结构。通过野外观察,对其主要化学元素、稀有元素以及稀土元素等特征进行综合分析并与其它矿点的相关特征进行横向对比,基本确定了巴马玉矿床为辉绿岩侵入碳酸盐岩经过岩浆热液接触交代作用而形成的层控性接触交代型岩浆热液矿床,与之前发现的位于黔桂地区的贵州罗甸、广西大化闪石矿的成因一致,它们应属于同一矿带。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶塌陷体结构识别及成因分析

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩古溶洞塌陷是一种特殊的岩溶型储集体,塌陷作用导致早期洞穴的坍塌、围岩多类型的角砾岩化以及孔隙结构在一定范围上的改造等。通过钻井、岩心、常规测井、FMI 成像测井等技术手段来识别和再现了塌陷体裂纹角砾岩、镶嵌角砾岩、混杂角砾岩和溶洞及其沉积充填物等独特的响应特征。展示了岩溶塌陷体及其上覆地层地震同相轴“下凹”和伴随“串珠”状—杂乱反射的地震结构特征。依据塌陷几何结构的生长指数(EI)、垂向海拔变化(ΔZ)以及宽度(W)等参数定量评价,指出塌陷形成具有多期次性,在下巴楚泥岩段达到峰值。通过实例剖面分析,将塌陷体分为3种类型:(1)早期(表生岩溶期)溶蚀塌陷,常发育多层洞穴垮塌,塌陷带内角砾岩发育,构成了灰岩和混杂角砾与泥质支撑的混杂角砾复杂岩性组合,储集体上下整体连通,具有一定的储集性能;(2)中期(早石炭世)负载塌陷,属于埋藏后塌陷,储集体由缝隙、裂纹角砾岩、镶嵌杂乱角砾岩、富碎屑基质支撑的杂乱角砾岩和洞穴沉积的石英砂岩组成,存在未充填的残余洞穴储集空间;(3)晚期(海西晚期)断控塌陷,海西晚期构造导致的埋藏后的古溶洞塌陷,形成新的“缝隙、镶嵌角砾岩、杂乱角砾和原始溶洞”的塌陷结构,储集性能较好。原始洞穴层、塌陷时间和主控因素三者的相互组合导致了古洞穴塌陷的复杂储集体结构。分析认为负载塌陷和断控塌陷发育有效的储集空间,可作为油气开发有利的潜力目标区。     

储层致密化与油气充注的关系:以三肇凹陷白垩系扶余油层为例

为了明确松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶余油层储层致密化与油气充注相关性,利用微米CT、流体包裹体显微分析、盆地模拟等方法,研究了该储层微观孔喉特征,且定量分析了其成藏期。根据储层孔隙演化信息分析了研究区储层致密化过程和油气成藏的关系。结果发现:三肇凹陷扶余致密储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,孔喉特征表现为窄喉道、宽孔隙、孔喉配置差、微细喉道总体积大等特征。压实作用和胶结作用为储层致密化重要成因,储层致密时间应该在嫩江组末之前。流体包裹体分析结果表明三肇凹陷扶余储层油充注分为早期和晚期,相应的充注时间分别距今77~74 Ma、67~65 Ma,分别对应于嫩江组沉积期和明水组沉积末期。综合对比扶余油层油气成藏历史和储层孔隙演化特征,认为原油充注发生储层致密化之后,即先致密后成藏。     

U-Pb Zircon and Re-Os Molybdenite Geochronology of theW-Mo Mineralized Region of South Qinling,China, andtheir Tectonic Implications

A W-Mo mineralized region is located along the northern margin of the South Qinling tectonic belt of China. WMo mineralization occurs mainly in Cambrian–Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks, and the ore bodies are structurally controlled by NW–SE-and NNE–SSW-striking faults. Evidence for magmatism in the area is widespread and is dominated by intermediate–felsic intrusives or apophyses, such as the Dongjiangkou, Yanzhiba, Lanbandeng, and Sihaiping granitic bodies. Quartz-vein-type mineralization and fault-controlled skarn-type mineralization dominate the ore systems, with additional enrichment in residual deposits. At present, there are few or insufficient studies on(1) the age of mineralization,(2) the relationship between intermediate–felsic granite and W-Mo mineralization,(3) the source of ore-forming materials,and(4) the metallogenic and tectonic setting of the mineralized area. In this paper, we present geochronology results for numerous intrusive granitic bodies in the South Qinling tectonic belt. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Lanbandeng monzogranite and Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite yields ages of 222.7 ± 2.3 and 201.9 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. In contrast to the Late Triassic age of the Lanbandeng monzogranite, the age of the newly discovered Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite places it at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Re-Os molybdenite geochronology on the Qipangou W-Mo deposit yielded a model age of 199.7 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit formed in the early Yanshanian period of the Early Jurassic. Granitoid intrusions in the mineralized area are characterized by composite granite bodies that crystallized at ca.240–190 Ma. While there were multiple stages of intrusion, most occurred at 210–220 Ma, with waning magmatic activity at 200–190 Ma. The Re-Os age of molybdenite in the region is ca. 200–190 Ma, which may represent a newly discovered period of W-Mo metallogenesis that occurred during the final stages of magmatism. The heat associated with this magmatism drove ore formation and might have provided additional ore-forming components for metallogenesis(represented by the Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite). Ore materials in the mineralized area were derived from mixed crustal and mantle sources. Enrichment of the region occurred during intracontinental orogenesis in the late Indosinian–Yanshanian, subsequent to the main Indosinian collision. At this time, the tectonic environment was dominated by extension and strike-slip motion.     

Spatial-Temporal Ground Deformation Study of BaotouBased on the PS-InSAR Method

Ground subsidence is an emerging geological hazard in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.Four areas of Baotou with relatively large subsidence range and rate were selected for analysis.Focusing on investigation of ground subsidence using PS-InSAR technology,a total of 43 frames of ALOS PALSAR images yielded a SAR data span from December 2006 to January 2011,allowing ground subsidence scope,subsidence velocity,time-series deformation to be obtained.Major causes and influencing factors of the ground subsidence are closely related to soft soil consolidation and compaction and the decrease in the level of groundwater caused by increased development and utilization of groundwater.     

The U-Pb Geochronology and Lu-Hf Isotope Compositions of Detrital Zircons from the Nanhua Group of the Longsheng Region, South China and their Implications for Pan-African Events

It is unclear whether the South China blocks have an affinity with continental Gondwana due to a lack of direct Pan-African magmatic and metamorphic features. In this study, we conducted U-Pb geochronological and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses for detrital zircons from a sandstone of the Chang’an Formation of the Nanhua Group in the Longsheng region of northern Guangxi, with the aim of constraining the timing of sedimentation and information as to its source, as well as seeking evidence for Pan-African events in the South China blocks. The results show that the ages of detrital zircons peaked at 654.7 ± 6.2 Ma, 773.2 ± 4.1 Ma and 821.9 ± 6.5 Ma, with some at 920–870 Ma; the youngest age indicates the existence of the Pan-African thermal event. The εHf(t) and TDM2 values demonstrate that the study area has experienced three stages of crustal growth at 3.0–2.4 Ga, 2.1–1.5 Ga and 1.3–0.9 Ga. With intensively distributed Neoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic and granitic plutons emplaced at 830–810 Ma along the southwestern section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt and positive εHf(t) values from a large group of zircon grains, it is proposed that the sediments of the Chang’an Formation (of Nanhua Group) were largely sourced from the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block. Comparison with the zircon age spectra of the Cathaysian block shows that about 79% of the Pan-African aged detrital zircon grains that have TDM2 = 1352–1031 Ma and εHf(t) = 3.68–8.79, were sourced from the recycled Grenvillian crust of the Cathaysian block, suggesting that the Cathaysian block had a close connection with Gondwana.