1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系

采用1979-2016年ECMWF1.5°×1.5°逐月再分析资料及同期37个气象站点的降水资料,利用一元线性回归、累积距平、Kriging及IDW（反距离加权）等方法分析了祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空分布特征、降水转化率空间变化规律以及风场分布规律,并对比分析了中国西部不同地区降水转化率的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量整体呈增加趋势,且季节变化明显。其中夏季是各层大气水汽含量最多的季节,高达329.24 mm,占多年平均大气水汽含量的48.1%。（2）近38 a来,祁连山地区的大气水汽含量呈东南多、西北少的空间分布,且随海拔的升高而逐渐减少,整层大气水汽主要集中在5 000 m以下。（3）祁连山地区的降水转化率从空间上表现出由东向西递减的趋势,说明该地区空中云水资源的开发潜力自东向西逐渐增强,空中云水资源的开发潜力区域差异明显;季风所携带的水汽对其影响区域的降水贡献率较高,西风所携带的水汽则对其影响区域的降水贡献率较低。（4）中国西部地区降水转化率呈向心式递减的趋势,且区域空间波动较大。     

中国东部沿海城市密集区效率的时空差异与收敛性分析

基于SBM-DEA模型分析了东部沿海地区的辽中南、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、海峡西岸、珠三角和北部湾城市密集区113个城市效率的空间差异,然后用Malmquist 指数揭示了城市效率的全要素生产率（Total factor productivity, TFP）的动态变化,并对其做了绝对收敛性分析。结果表明：（1）中国东部沿海7大城市密集区的城市效率普遍较低,存在较大的改进空间。有效率的城市只有北京市、上海市、深圳市、广州市和东莞市5个。各城市密集区中珠三角城市密集区效率最高,其次为京津冀城市密集区,其它依次为海峡西岸、北部湾、长三角、辽中南和山东半岛城市密集区。（2）7大城市密集区都存在投入要素冗余与产出不足。其中,资本和技术要素投入产出率较低,使用方式比较粗放;相对而言,人力和土地要素的投入产出的效率高,使用方式比较集约。各城市密集区投入冗余状况比较相近,而产出不足方面则差异较大。各城市密集区在总体经济效益和社会公众收益方面,仍有较大提升空间。（3）2003-2014年,中国东部沿海城市密集区城市效率的TFP整体上为上升趋势,技术进步对城市效率TFP提高的贡献更大。北部湾城市密集区尤其应重视生产技术水平的提高。（4）辽中南、长三角、海峡西岸和北部湾城市密集区同时存在σ收敛和绝对β收敛,存在俱乐部收敛现象。除京津冀和珠三角城市密集区外,其他城市密集区城市效率TFP差异会逐步自动消失。     

Progress in the Research on Benefit-sharing and Ecological Compensation Mechanisms for Transboundary Rivers

Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to be-come involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation (a zero-sum game) to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities (enabler, regulator and buyer), to improve adaptive transboundary ecological compensation mechanisms, government must develop as soon as possible data sharing platforms, standards of water consumption behaviors and intergovernmental policies (or ordinances).     

Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method (TheMert), targeting TheMert to qualitative (quick and extensive) and quantitative (detailed) evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.     

滇西北云岭陆缘弧大地构造单元的划分与特征

为进一步查明滇西北云岭陆缘弧的地质构造特征,经实地调研与资料收集整理,将该区划分为6个四级大地构造单元.即：雪龙山岩群（Pt₁Xl）、德钦断块（Pz₁）、攀天阁酸性火山岩浆弧（T₂）、工农弧间盆地（T₂）、崔依比中基性火山岩浆弧（T_1-2）、鲁甸火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩（T）.前2个单元属岛弧基底,后4个单元属岛弧主体.各单元的岩石组合、变形变质特征有明显差异.岛弧主体形成于早三叠世-晚三叠世早期,是金沙江洋盆向西俯冲消减、碰撞造山的产物.岛弧主体之上被上三叠统角度不整合覆盖.     

POS辅助车载组合全景影像路面角点特征匹配算法

推荐了一种车载组合全景相机影像路面角点特征的匹配方法。路面到摄站的距离近,基高比大,是良好的区域网平差模型连接点,但是路面纹理匮乏,影像中存在移动物体和较为严重的尺度变化和仿射变形,难以匹配到正确的同名点。本文利用路面在一定范围内可近似为水平面的特点,根据相机与路面的距离确定近似路面,将影像路面角点投影到重叠影像,将同名点定位在一个小的矩形范围内;通过POS数据确定角点对应同名核线,矩形区域内距离核线最近的角点即为同名像点。本文匹配方法可获得一定数量的正确匹配同名点,显著降低了误匹配,内点率高,可以进一步精确估计像对间的基础矩阵,为其他地物的匹配提供了约束。     

测绘地理信息类本科专业“一干两轴三维”人才培养模式建设

为优化配置教学资源,提高教学效率,增强专业人才培养特色,提出测绘地理信息类本科专业“一干两轴三维”人才培养模式。该模式以掌握现代测绘地理信息科学技术理论为中心,培养创新研究能力和创新实践能力为主轴,设置工程测量、城市空间信息工程、摄影测量与遥感3个方向;从制订培养方案入手,围绕课程体系建设改革教学模式,针对专业方向强化实践教学;构建了校企合作开放型人才培养体系。该模式目前已经应用,取得了显著效果。     

龙门山和相邻地域航磁场特征与汶川大地震

本文应用化极、水平及垂向导数、向上延拓、视磁化强度填图及磁性界面反演等方法处理了龙门山及相邻地域最新的航空磁测数据,分析了龙门山及相邻地域的航磁异常展布特征.研究结果表明:1)龙门山造山带与其东、西两侧可划分为三个磁异常区:松潘—甘孜磁异常区、龙门山负磁异常带、四川盆地磁异常区;三个区、带的地壳介质磁性结构存在明显差异.2)根据该区航空磁异常场的分布特征分别研究了,松潘—甘孜地块、龙门山造山带和四川地块的磁场特征.3)除识别前人识别的断层外,还推断鲜水河ES延伸甘洛—雷波北断裂作为四川盆地与滇西的界带.4)航空磁异常,磁性体上、下界面及磁源体深度的空间分布特征与汶川MS8.0大地震及芦山地震发生相关.     

中天山科克苏河地区隆升剥蚀历史——来自(U-Th)/He年龄的制约

天山是中亚造山带重要组成部分,其中-新生代构造热演化及隆升剥露史研究是认识中亚造山带构造变形过程与机制的关键.本文应用磷灰石(U-Th)/He技术重建中天山南缘科克苏河地区中-新生代构造热演化及隆升剥蚀过程.磷灰石(U-Th)/He数据综合解释及热演化史模拟表明该地区至少存在晚白垩世、早中新世、晚中新世3期快速隆升剥蚀事件,起始时间分别为~90Ma、~13Ma及~5Ma,且这3期隆升剥蚀事件在整个天山地区具有广泛的可对比性.相对于磷灰石裂变径迹,磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄记录了中天山南缘地质演化史中更新和更近的热信息,即中天山在晚中新世(~5 Ma)快速隆升剥蚀,其剥蚀速率为~0.47mm·a~(-1),剥蚀厚度为~2300m.总体上,中天山科克苏地区隆升剥蚀起始时间从天山造山带向昭苏盆地(由南向北)逐渐变老,表明了中天山南缘隆升剥蚀存在不均一性,并发生了多期揭顶剥蚀事件.     

一种地方与区域地震震源机制反演技术:广义极性振幅技术(二)——对实际震例的应用

为了检验广义极性振幅技术(GPAT)的实用性,我们利用GPAT反演确定了49次实际地震的震源机制、矩震级和震源深度.为了检验GPAT对地方地震、区域地震以及远震的实用性,我们选用了震级范围约为ML0.2~MS7.0之间的地震与震中距范围约在5~8000km之间的观测资料.对反演结果的分析表明,利用GPAT获取的震源机制结果在合理误差范围内是正确的,利用GPAT获取的矩震级结果是可靠的,而利用GPAT获取的震源深度总体上似乎比常规定位深度深约0.6km.总体而言,GPAT在震源机制、矩震级和震源深度的反演方面表现出良好的实用性.