Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method (TheMert), targeting TheMert to qualitative (quick and extensive) and quantitative (detailed) evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.     

滇西北云岭陆缘弧大地构造单元的划分与特征

为进一步查明滇西北云岭陆缘弧的地质构造特征,经实地调研与资料收集整理,将该区划分为6个四级大地构造单元.即：雪龙山岩群（Pt₁Xl）、德钦断块（Pz₁）、攀天阁酸性火山岩浆弧（T₂）、工农弧间盆地（T₂）、崔依比中基性火山岩浆弧（T_1-2）、鲁甸火山弧-同碰撞花岗岩（T）.前2个单元属岛弧基底,后4个单元属岛弧主体.各单元的岩石组合、变形变质特征有明显差异.岛弧主体形成于早三叠世-晚三叠世早期,是金沙江洋盆向西俯冲消减、碰撞造山的产物.岛弧主体之上被上三叠统角度不整合覆盖.     

云南都龙超大型锡锌多金属矿床中闪锌矿微量及稀土元素地球化学特征

云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床位于滇东南老君山锡锌钨多金属成矿区南部,是我国三大锡石硫化物矿床之一,目前对其矿床成因认识存在较大分歧。本文采用ICP-MS对都龙矿床中闪锌矿微量元素及稀土元素组成进行分析,以探讨该矿床成矿作用,为甄别已有成因观点提供证据。结果表明,矿床中闪锌矿以富集Fe、Mn、In、Co、Sn和贫Cd、Ga、Ge、Ni等元素为特征,成矿温度属于中—高温,其微量元素组成与白牛厂矿床(与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型矿床)中的闪锌矿非常相似,和远源矽卡岩型铅锌矿床(核桃坪和芦子园)中闪锌矿存在一定差异,明显有别于喷流沉积型铅锌矿床(云南澜沧老厂和广东大宝山)中闪锌矿。此外,该矿床闪锌矿稀土配分模式多为轻稀土元素富集中等的向右倾斜曲线,以LREE/HREE值高、Eu负异常明显和Ce异常不明显为特征,与矿区燕山晚期隐伏花岗岩稀土元素特征基本一致,成矿物质来源以矿区燕山晚期隐伏花岗岩为主。结合近期矿山开采和地质勘探所揭露的矿化和矽卡岩蚀变的垂向分带等矿床地质特征,认为云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床属于与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型多金属矿床,其中层状矽卡岩的形成应为成矿流体顺层交代的结果,矿化类型和围岩蚀变的分带与隐伏岩体的距离有关。     

Distribution,genesis, and pollution risk of ammonium nitrogen in groundwater in an arid loess plain,northwestern China

Nitrogenous pollutants from intense human activities have become serious environmental and health problems worldwide, particularly in groundwater source areas used for public water supply. To investigate the genesis and pollution risks associated with elevated concentrations of ammonium nitrogen in a groundwater source area, investigations were undertaken in the Jinji groundwater source area, located in an arid loess plain in northwestern China where 16 groundwater samples were collected from an aquifer used for water supply. The investigation indicated that high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen originated mainly from: infiltration of water from the Yellow River; livestock; and the discharge of industrial wastes. Measured parameters including pH, the permanganate index and the oxidation reduction potential could be used as important indicators of the genesis of ammonium nitrogen. A modified DRTCLN model was applied to the observed distribution of ammonium nitrogen to assess pollution risk of regional groundwater. The model was optimized by rebuilding the index system, and the analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the rating scale of each index. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to analyze the uncertainty of results of the risk assessment. The result showed that the risk value is relatively low in most areas of the groundwater source area. Only an industrial area in the southwestern part of the groundwater source area was classified as high risk; it should be the key factor of pollution control.     

POS辅助车载组合全景影像路面角点特征匹配算法

推荐了一种车载组合全景相机影像路面角点特征的匹配方法。路面到摄站的距离近,基高比大,是良好的区域网平差模型连接点,但是路面纹理匮乏,影像中存在移动物体和较为严重的尺度变化和仿射变形,难以匹配到正确的同名点。本文利用路面在一定范围内可近似为水平面的特点,根据相机与路面的距离确定近似路面,将影像路面角点投影到重叠影像,将同名点定位在一个小的矩形范围内;通过POS数据确定角点对应同名核线,矩形区域内距离核线最近的角点即为同名像点。本文匹配方法可获得一定数量的正确匹配同名点,显著降低了误匹配,内点率高,可以进一步精确估计像对间的基础矩阵,为其他地物的匹配提供了约束。     

测绘地理信息类本科专业“一干两轴三维”人才培养模式建设

为优化配置教学资源,提高教学效率,增强专业人才培养特色,提出测绘地理信息类本科专业“一干两轴三维”人才培养模式。该模式以掌握现代测绘地理信息科学技术理论为中心,培养创新研究能力和创新实践能力为主轴,设置工程测量、城市空间信息工程、摄影测量与遥感3个方向;从制订培养方案入手,围绕课程体系建设改革教学模式,针对专业方向强化实践教学;构建了校企合作开放型人才培养体系。该模式目前已经应用,取得了显著效果。     

龙门山和相邻地域航磁场特征与汶川大地震

本文应用化极、水平及垂向导数、向上延拓、视磁化强度填图及磁性界面反演等方法处理了龙门山及相邻地域最新的航空磁测数据,分析了龙门山及相邻地域的航磁异常展布特征.研究结果表明:1)龙门山造山带与其东、西两侧可划分为三个磁异常区:松潘—甘孜磁异常区、龙门山负磁异常带、四川盆地磁异常区;三个区、带的地壳介质磁性结构存在明显差异.2)根据该区航空磁异常场的分布特征分别研究了,松潘—甘孜地块、龙门山造山带和四川地块的磁场特征.3)除识别前人识别的断层外,还推断鲜水河ES延伸甘洛—雷波北断裂作为四川盆地与滇西的界带.4)航空磁异常,磁性体上、下界面及磁源体深度的空间分布特征与汶川MS8.0大地震及芦山地震发生相关.     

一种地方与区域地震震源机制反演技术:广义极性振幅技术(二)——对实际震例的应用

为了检验广义极性振幅技术(GPAT)的实用性,我们利用GPAT反演确定了49次实际地震的震源机制、矩震级和震源深度.为了检验GPAT对地方地震、区域地震以及远震的实用性,我们选用了震级范围约为ML0.2~MS7.0之间的地震与震中距范围约在5~8000km之间的观测资料.对反演结果的分析表明,利用GPAT获取的震源机制结果在合理误差范围内是正确的,利用GPAT获取的矩震级结果是可靠的,而利用GPAT获取的震源深度总体上似乎比常规定位深度深约0.6km.总体而言,GPAT在震源机制、矩震级和震源深度的反演方面表现出良好的实用性.     

宁芜火山岩盆地及邻区上地壳电性结构研究

为了较全面、客观地认识宁芜矿集区上地壳电性结构,研究"玢岩铁矿"成矿规律与深部地球物理、地质结构的对应关系,为探索深部"第二找矿空间"提供物性参数,我们完成了6条宽频大地电磁测深剖面.通过分析各剖面电性成像结果,讨论了"长江断裂带"与矿集区成矿的关系,并且认为围岩、岩浆及其上侵通道是区内矿床的控矿因素.此外,结合姑山铁矿床的位置以及铁矿床成矿规律判断宁芜火山岩盆地南部低阻条带为矿集区姑山火山-岩浆旋回的岩浆(导矿)通道,而盆地东部邻区的倾斜"叠瓦状"电性特征说明该区在经历了印支期褶皱构造运动后发育了逆冲推覆构造.     

中条山北麓断裂中南段全新世地震事件的初步研究

通过对中条山北麓断裂进行探槽研究,揭露了全新世以来,断裂中段和南段的3次古地震事件,包括1次发生在8 570~8 010a BP、贯通断裂中段和南段的8级以上特大地震,以及4 800~6 010a BP和2 110~320a BP发生的2次7级左右的大地震,地震复发间隔约为3 500a。研究表明,中条山北麓断裂的南段和中段在全新世发生过多次活动,活动性较强。