中国北方苹果种植需水特征及降水适宜性

以中国北方7个苹果主产省为研究区域,基于研究区域及周边100 m范围内210个气象站1970—2019年逐日气象数据和1 km分辨率的数字高程数据,采用最小湿度法对作物系数（Kc）进行逐日估算,并利用基于样条函数插值理论的专业气象插值软件ANUSPLIN对逐日气象数据进行空间插值,计算苹果各关键生育期需水量和降水适宜度。结合苹果优势主产区地理分布确定降水适宜度阈值范围。利用相关数理统计方法明确苹果需水特征和降水适宜度时空变化特征,并对苹果全生育期降水适宜性进行评价。结果表明：苹果全年平均需水量大多数区域为500.0~800.0 mm,萌芽-幼果期、果实膨大期和着色-成熟期平均需水量占全年平均需水量的比率分别为0.186~0.282,0.392~0.562和0.159~0.282。苹果全年、萌芽-幼果期、果实膨大期和着色-成熟期降水适宜度阈值范围分别为0.49~2.07,0.25~1.70,0.54~2.25和0.46~2.65。各生育阶段降水适宜度处在阈值范围内的区域分别占85.4%,87.4%,85.6%和84.9%。苹果全生育期降水的最适宜、次适宜和不适宜区分别占研究区域的31.9%,50.6%和17.5%。     

An examination of the validation of a model of the hydro/thermo/mechanical behaviour of engineered clay barriers

This paper focuses attention on the development of a numerical model of the hydro/thermo/mechanical behaviour of unsaturated clay and its consequent verification and validation. The work presented describes on-going collaboration between the Cardiff School of Engineering and Atomic Energy of Canada. The model development, which was carried out at Cardiff, can be described as being based on a mechanistic approach to coupled heat, moisture and air flow. This is then linked to a deformation analysis of the material within a ‘consolidation’ type of model. The whole is solved via the finite element method to yield a computer software code named COMPASS (COde for Modelling PArtly Saturated Soil). Some aspects of verification and validation of the model have been addressed in-house. However, the purpose of current AECL work is to provide an independent, rigorous, structured programme of validation and the paper will also explore the further validation of COMPASS within this context. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PDR算法对地磁室内定位精度的提升研究

利用建筑物中金属结构引起的地磁场扰动可以对室内的行人目标进行定位,而且基于地磁场的定位无需布设任何额外设施,因此可以以低成本实现定位。但仅靠单一的地磁技术无法满足室内定位的精度要求。为了解决磁场数据中单点定位的模糊性问题,本文提出了一种利用粒子滤波算法将PDR与地磁相融合的室内定位方法,并开发了地磁室内导航系统,以智能手机为硬件平台构建磁力计传感器模型,建立匹配轨迹的均方误差准则并实现PDR累积误差实时校正的迭代计算。在68 m×1.8 m的试验区域内,产生的平均定位误差为1.13 m,最大定位误差为2.17 m。本文算法的定位精度比单独PDR算法提升了42%;与单一地磁指纹匹配算法相比,定位精度提高了57%。试验证明,本文提出的融合算法对提高室内定位精度具有显著的作用。     

Sedimentary and geochemical evidence of Eocene climate change in the Xining Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau began to grow during the Eocene and it is important to understand the climatic history of Asia during this period of so-called ‘doubthouse' conditions. However, despite major advances in the last few decades,the evolutionary history and possible mechanisms of Eocene climate change in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau remain unclear.The Xining Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau contains a continuous sequence of Early to Late Eocene non-marine sediments which provides the opportunity to resolve long-term climate changes during this period. In this study, we report the results of analyses of lithofacies, sediment color and geochemistry of bulk samples collected from the Xijigou section of the Xining Basin. An abrupt lithofacies change between the Early(~52–40 Ma) and Late Eocene(~40–34 Ma) indicates a change in the depositional environment from a shallow lake to a playa lake in response to a significant climatic shift. During ~52–40 Ma,higher values of sediment redness(a*), redness/lightness(a*/L*) and higher modified Chemical Index of Weathering(CIW′)indicate a relatively warm and humid climate, while from ~40–34 Ma the lower values of a*, a*/L*and lower CIW′ imply subhumid to semi-arid climatic conditions. The paleoclimatic records indicate a long-term(~52–34 Ma) trend of decreasing chemical weathering, consistent with global climate change. An abrupt sharp excursion of the proxy records during ~42–40 Ma suggests a relatively brief warm interval, corresponding to the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum(MECO). We suggest that global cooling substantially reduced humidity in inner Asia, resulting in sub-humid to semi-arid climatic conditions after 40 Ma in the Xining Basin, which may have been responsible for the long-term trend of decreasing chemical weathering during the Eocene.     

中国地热研究的进展与展望(1995～2014)

地热是主要地球物理场之一,地热能是地球的本土能源。李四光在20世纪60年代开创了我国地热科学。到90年代,学科体系基本建立。在过去20年里,我国地热研究得到了进一步深化和拓展。本文从大地热流、岩石圈热结构、地热系统、油气盆地地热、矿山地热、天然气水合物以及气候变化等方面回顾地热研究代表性的创新进展,并对深层地热、海洋地热、环境地热等研究方向作了展望。本文认为,过去20年我国地热研究成果丰硕,国际影响力得到提高,未来发展势头强劲。在经历了由浅入深,从今到古的成长之后,地热研究还将不断拓展领域,为我国地球科学,特别是能源与环境安全做出更大贡献。     

中国农业气象模式(CAMM1.0)构建与应用

为发展适宜中国区域农业种植特点的农业气象模式,基于国外作物生长模拟方法,通过模式机理过程改进或重构以及应用方式革新,建立了中国农业气象模式（Chinese AgroMeteorological Model version 1.0,CAMM1.0）。CAMM1.0利用平均温度和土壤水分改进了作物发育进程模式,利用土壤水分改进了作物叶片光合作用、干物质分配和叶面积扩展过程模式,通过蒸发比法扩展了作物蒸散过程模式;自主建立了基于发育进程的冬小麦株高、基于遥感信息的作物灌溉、遥感数据同化、作物长势与灾害评价等模式。基于互联网技术构造了实时运转平台,主要功能包括作物生长过程实时常规模拟与用户个性化定制模拟。CAMM1.0的部分子模式采用多种方法构造,便于多模式集成。CAMM1.0对作物发育进程、光合过程、株高的模拟效果较好,但对土壤水分变化过程的拟合略差,模拟产量略偏低。CAMM1.0评价淮河流域夏玉米年际干旱减弱而涝渍增加的趋势与实际基本相符。     

云浮硫铁矿矿山地质环境问题及对策分析

云浮硫铁矿已开采多年,但开采中带来了一系列环境问题。本文通过对矿区进行的地质环境综合评价,查明了主要矿山地质环境存在的问题,并分析了其原因;利用敏感因子—综合分值评价法,对云浮硫铁矿矿山地质环境质量进行分区,提出了矿山地质环境恢复治理建议,最大程度的降低矿山开采对地质环境的不利影响,努力构建"和谐矿区,和谐社会",促进生态环境、经济和社会的协调可持续发展。     

阿尔泰南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩的矿物学研究

阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩极为发育。本文对富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中的单斜辉石和橄榄石斑晶进行了矿物化学分析,并结合矿物的地质温压计和岩浆结晶模拟,约束了两种岩石中矿物的形成过程,推测了原始岩浆的演化过程。提出富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩的原始岩浆属于拉斑玄武系列,富辉橄玄岩中的高压单斜辉石来源于深部（40～50 km）,其结晶早于橄榄石;玄武岩中单斜辉石大多属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40km）,其结晶晚于橄榄石;两种岩石中橄榄石均属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40 km）。     

滹沱河流域本底状态地表水氮、磷非点源污染评价

通过对滹沱河流域各支流源头区地表水中氮、磷浓度监测分析,得出本底状态下总氮浓度为0.223～5.631 mg/L,氨氮浓度范围为未检出～0.634 mg/L,可溶态氮浓度为0.190～5.532 mg/L,总磷浓度为0.024～0.683 mg/L,可溶态磷浓度为0.026～0.220 mg/L.本底状态下各水文期氮的非点源污染形态都以可溶态氮为主;磷的非点源污染形态枯水期以可溶态磷居多,丰水期以颗粒态磷为主.滹沱河流域本底状态下氮、磷非点源污染水平较高.     

发展中国家开发不发达地区的经验及借鉴

本文通过对印度、越南、泰国、马来西亚、巴西等国开发不发达地区成功经验的分析,结合我国西北地区的干旱环境与开发历史悠久的特点,提出了发展西北地区要从以下几个方面入手：（１）国家对西北地区应实行福利政策,东部对西部部应实行“补偿”政策;（２）进一步完善农村市场体系;（３）建议在西安建立我国第三家证券交易中心;（４）建立“河西走廓自由贸易区”;（５）实施“生态恢复工程”。