西奈东部Bir Zreir菱形地堑的成因

Bir Zreir菱形地堑,位于西奈东部.此地堑在三维空间上出露良好.前寒武纪结晶基底和上覆显生宇沉积物之间的近水平状不整合面,基底侵入体的接触面和早中新世的基性岩脉体系可使人们非常精确地填绘局部构造,确定沿断层的垂直和水平位移.用标准的“拉开(Pullapart)模式”对Bir Zreir菱形地堑预测的垂直离距比观察到的大3到6倍.根据Bir Zreir地块发生旋转运动而建立的另一种模式,与野外的证据更为接近。本文推论:地堑的形状和大小由初始断层的格局所决定;后期构造运动使地堑的最终形状相对没有什么变化.Bir Zreir地块的旋转是南北向断层的左旋位移和其走向变为北北东以及区域上东西向拉张的综合结果.本文所提出的模式,不需要沿斜向断层(diagonal fault)有一个类如“拉开”那样大而深的张裂(gap)。     

Quantitative measurement of channel-block hydraulic interactions by experimental saturation of a large, natural, fissured rock mass

The hydrodynamic behavior of fissured media relies on the relationships between a few very conductive fractures (channels) and the remaining low-conductivity fractures and matrix (blocks). We made a quantitative measurement of those relationships and their effect on water drainage and storage in a 19,000 m3 natural reservoir consisting of karstified limestones. This reservoir was artificially saturated with water by closing a water gate on the main outlet during a varying time (delta t) fixed by the operator. The water gate was completely or partly closed until the water pressure reached a particular specified value. If the water gate was left completely closed long enough, the water pressure was fixed by the elevation of temporary outlets at the site boundaries. The water elevation within the reservoir was monitored by means of pressure cells located on single fractures representative of the bedding plane and the two families of fractures of the massif network. The comparison of pressure variations with the network geometry allows us to identify a typical double permeability characterized by a few very conductive channels along 10 vertical faults. These channels limit blocks consisting of low-conductivity bedding planes and a rather impervious matrix. Depending on the closure interval, delta t, of the water gate, the total volume of water stored in the reservoir can vary from 0.8 m3 (delta t = 5 minutes) to 18.6 m3 (delta t = 2 days). Such a variance of storage versus closure time is explained by the reservoir's double permeability that is characterized by blocks that saturate much more slowly than channels. If plotted versus time, this injected volume fits a power relationship, according to the saturation state of the blocks. In less than 34 minutes, storage is close to zero in the blocks and to 1.6 to 2 m3 in the channels. For closing times shorter than 1 hour, only 1% of the volume that flows in the channels is stored into the blocks. Depending on the water pressure and for a given delta t = 3000 minutes, the volume of water stored is controlled by the geometry of the joint network and of the aquifer boundaries. Such an experiment shows that the flow is concentrated in about 10% of the fractured network (channels). The water storage that takes place in the 90% remaining fractures (blocks) depends mainly on time during which pressure remains high into the 10% channels. The accurate modeling of such typical double-permeability media needs a careful study of the geometry of the channels whose narrowings modify the flow and induce dam effects that maintain a high pressure gradient with surrounding blocks.     

SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF WATERSHEDS

An extensive database of reservoir sedimentation surveys throughout continental United States is compiled and analyzed to determine specific degradation SD relationships as function of mean annual rainfall R, drainage area A, and watershed slope S. The database contains 1463 field measurements and specific degradation relationships are defined as function of A, R and S. Weak trends and significant variability in the data are noticeable. Specific degradation measurements are log normally distributed with respect to R, A, and S and 95% confidence intervals are determined accordingly. The accuracy of the predictions does not significantly increase as more independent variables are added to the regression analyses.     

用大量余震震源机制估计2000年鸟取县西部地震区域的应力场

根据大量震源机制估计了2000年鸟取县西部地震（Mw=6．6）前后的区域应力场。为约束主震前的应力场，我们比较了主震产生的静态应力变化与主震后应力场的空间分布。在余震区的北部和中部，推测主震前的偏应力量值太大，不会受到静态应力变化的影响。主震前的最大主应力轴的方向与构造应力场一致。而在余震区南部，主震滑动较大的地区及其周围，发现由于静态应力变化较大，主震后应力场的空间分布很不均匀。在断层南端附近，静态应力变化的空间分布与余震的P轴方位角一致，推测主震前的偏应力量值小到足以受到静态应力变化（5MPa）影响的地步。断层南端原有余震断层面的强度可能特别弱。发现主震前的应力场在小于主震断层长度的尺度上是不均匀的。     

计算双力偶旋转的简化算法

推导了估计地震双力偶（DC）源三维空间旋转角的新的简化公式。导出公式的复杂性依赖于所需角度估计的准确性和期望解的完备性。该解比本人1991年根据四元表示提出的算法简单。我们讨论了两种方法的优点和缺点。这些新的表达式可以写成数行计算机代码，从而可对不同方法得到的双力偶解及地震震源机制时间和空间上的差别进行比较。     

东海近3.5万年来古海洋环境变化的分子生物标志物记录

结合ＡＭＳ~（１４）Ｃ测年及浮游有孔虫δ~（１８）Ｏ和δ~（１３）Ｃ资料，分别利用Ｕ_（３７）~Ｋ，∑Ｃ_（２１）~－／∑Ｃ_（２２）～＋和Ｐｒ／Ｐｎ恢复了近３．５万年来冲绳海槽的古海洋环境变化．结果表明，近３．５万年来，冲绳海槽经历了７次较强的气候变冷事件（Ｃ１～Ｃ７）和９次陆源物质减少事件（ｅ１～ｅ９），其中的Ｇ１相当于全新世中晚期冷事件，Ｃ２～Ｃ４和Ｃ７分别相当于Ｈ１～Ｈ４事件，ｅ１，对应于海水表层温度ＳＳＴ的降低．Ｈ事件发生时，陆源物质供应显示增加的趋势．气候变冷导致河流输运陆源物质的能力减小，冬季风输运陆源物质的能力增强，Ｈ事件与东亚冬季风密切相关末次盛冰期（２５．８～１５．５ｋａＢＰ）还原环境发生剧烈波动，强还原事件（Ｒ１～Ｒ３）对应于ＳＳＴ的降低和陆源营养物质的增加，而弱还原事件（Ｏ）对应于陆源营养物质的减少．还原环境的变化与表层生产力密切相关．     

河北张家口水泉沟岩体SHRIMP年代学研究及其意义

采用先进的 SHRIMP测年技术对河北水泉沟碱性杂岩体进行了年龄测定，获得东坪金矿区水泉沟岩体二长岩锆石 U- Pb年龄为 (390± 6)Ma，后沟金矿区水泉沟岩体正长岩年龄 (386± 6)Ma，比较可信地确定了水泉沟岩体的成岩时代为晚加里东期—早海西期。这表明北部温都尔庙-西拉木伦河加里东俯冲造山运动强烈地影响本区，水泉沟岩体是这次运动的产物。根据前人测得的东坪和后沟金矿床蚀变围岩钾长石的 Ar- Ar和 K- Ar年龄，金矿化的时代是中生代燕山期，与岩体的成岩年龄有 200 Ma的时差，成因上可能与碱性杂岩体关系不大，因此，东坪和后沟等金矿床可能不属于碱性岩型金矿床。     

A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH TO MODELING 3D SEDIMENT-LADEN TURBULENT FLOWS

ＡＳＩＭＰＬＩＦＩＥＤＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＭＯＤＥＬＩＮＧ３ＤＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴ－ＬＡＤＥＮＴＵＲＢＵＬＥＮＴＦＬＯＷＳＤｏｎｇｈｕｏＺＨＯＵａｎｄＳａｍＳ．Ｙ．ＷＡＮＧＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａ３－ｄｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｓ...