中国湿地分级体系建设现状与探讨

在人类活动等多种因素作用下,一些湿地遭到严重破坏,湿地保护与管理已经成为涉及国家安全的重要战略问题。为了促进中国湿地分级体系的进一步规范,通过对湿地分级体系、重要湿地认定标准和湿地名录等资料整理和比较,分析了中国湿地分级管理的必要性和现状,探讨了各省、自治区和直辖市重要湿地认定标准及其名录进展等。结果表明,首先,在有限资源和条件下,中国建立湿地分级体系是十分必要的;其次,通过10余年的湿地分级管理探索,中国提出了建立包括国家重要湿地、地方重要湿地和一般湿地的湿地分级体系;有19个省、自治区和直辖市通过法规、文件的形式,明确了其湿地分级体系,13个省、自治区和直辖市已经公布了其重要湿地名录,同时,多个省级行政区分别从湿地生态系统、物种、湿地文化等方面制定了重要湿地认定标准。建立湿地分级体系是对中国现有湿地保护管理的有益补充;指出了目前中国湿地分级体系建设出现的主要问题,认为中国的湿地分级体系总体上是科学合理的,但是应该进一步明确其细化分级等级,协调地方湿地分级管理与国家要求的关系,各省、自治区和直辖市应该尽快制定地方重要湿地认定标准及其名录,正确处理湿地分级体系与湿地保护管理体系的关系。     

Observations of some oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing organic molecules in cold dark clouds

Observations of nine oxygen- and sulfur-containing organic molecules have been made toward the cold dark clouds TMC-1 and L134N. We have confirmed the presence of para-ketene (H2C2O) in TMC-1, have for the first time observed ortho-ketene, and find a total ketene column density approximately 1 x 10(13) cm-2. Thioformaldehyde (H2CS) is easily detectable in both TMC-1 and L134N, with a column density about 5 times larger in the former source (approximately 3 x 10(13) cm-2). The fractional abundance of ketene is comparable to the predictions of ion-molecule chemistry, while that of thioformaldehyde in TMC-1 is one to two orders of magnitude greater than that expected from such models at steady state. Interstellar sulfur chemistry thus continues to be poorly understood. We set upper limits for the column densities of formic acid (HCOOH), vinyl alcohol (CH2CHOH), methyl formate (HCO2CH3), formamide (NH2CHO), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), isothiocyanic acid (HNCS), and thioketene (H2C2S) in both sources.     

大型陆相坳陷型沉积盆地原型恢复方法——以新生代柴达木盆地为例

陆相坳陷型沉积盆地通常发育在克拉通的内部差异沉降和裂谷盆地后期的热沉降等不同的大地构造阶段,是一类独特而又十分重要的沉积盆地。本文基于该类盆地的特点,提出了综合利用盆地沉积相、残余厚度图、区域构造大剖面及其平衡恢复等多方面资料对其盆地原型进行恢复的方法和流程,具体包括以残余沉积相恢复盆地原始边界、以平衡剖面恢复盆地原始形态、以关键钻井资料与平衡剖面相结合恢复原始沉积厚度。该方法消除了构造运动对盆地形态的改变,真正将盆地原型纳入到其原始形态框架下进行研究。本文还利用该方法对柴达木盆地新生代各地层沉积时的盆地原型分别进行了恢复,并据此对其新生代的沉积演化进行了分析,结果表明柴达木盆地新生代的沉积格局变化与阿尔金断裂的活动息息相关。     

A Model Map of China Under Preparation

Following the completion of the New Atlas of China compiled by V. K.Ting, W. H. Wong and S. Y. Tseng, the modeling of a relief map of China hasbeen undertaken by the National Geological Survey of China under the directionof the writer since late winter of 1933. The progress is rather slow owing tothe repeated turnover of workers and now it reaches to a stage as shown inFigs, 1-3 in the Chinese text.     

THE FLOODS AND DROUGHTS OF THE LOWER YANGTZE VALLEY AND THEIR PREDICTIONS

During Ching dynasty from 1644 to 1911, an interval of 268 years, there occurred in the lower Yangtze valley 197 floods and 156 droughts. The most serious droughts came in 1785, 1814, and 1856; and the most disastrous floods in 1680, 1823     

The Effect of the CO32- to Ca2+ Ion activity ratio on calcite precipitation kinetics and Sr2+ partitioning

Background  

A proposed strategy for immobilizing trace metals in the subsurface is to stimulate calcium carbonate precipitation and incorporate contaminants by co-precipitation. Such an approach will require injecting chemical amendments into the subsurface to generate supersaturated conditions that promote mineral precipitation. However, the formation of reactant mixing zones will create gradients in both the saturation state and ion activity ratios (i.e., ). To better understand the effect of ion activity ratios on CaCO₃ precipitation kinetics and Sr²⁺ co-precipitation, experiments were conducted under constant composition conditions where the supersaturation state (Ω) for calcite was held constant at 9.4, but the ion activity ratio was varied between 0.0032 and 4.15.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000254

The applications of intelligent techniques have increased exponentially in recent days to study most of the non-linear parameters.In particular,the behavior of earth resembles the non-linearity applications.An efficient tool is needed for the interpretation of geophysical parameters to study the subsurface of the earth.Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) perform certain tasks if the structure of the network is modified accordingly for the purpose it has been used.The three most robust networks were taken and comparatively analyzed for their performance to choose the appropriate network.The single-layer feed-forward neural network with the back propagation algorithm is chosen as one of the well-suited networks after comparing the results.Initially,certain synthetic data sets of all three-layer curves have been taken for training the network,and the network is validated by the Held datasets collected from Tuticorin Coastal Region(78°7′30″E and 8°48′45″N),Tamil Nadu.India.The interpretation has been done successfully using the corresponding learning algorithm in the present study.With proper training of back propagation networks,it tends to give the resistivity and thickness of the subsurface layer model of the field resistivity data concerning the synthetic data trained earlier in the appropriate network.The network is trained with more Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES) data,and this trained network is demonstrated by the field data.Groundwater table depth also has been modeled.     

煤巷与支护相互作用的冲击破坏试验与数值分析

采用相似材料试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对锚网锚杆、U型钢和吸能支护条件下煤岩巷道冲击破坏过程进行研究,揭示了巷道与支护相互作用下的巷道冲击破坏机制。试验和数值计算研究结果表明,不同支护作用下巷道冲击破坏规律表现基本一致,在冲击载荷作用下,巷道顶板有明显下沉,底板出现起鼓现象,两边帮均向巷道内部方向发生弯曲变形,形成裂缝,进而扩展和贯通,并有抛出物冲入巷道内。根据模型试验和数值计算结果可知,不同支护条件下冲击破坏程度不同,吸能支护具有良好的缓冲和吸能特性,巷道变形较小,整体稳定性好,更适合于冲击地压巷道的支护。     

川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组砂岩特征及物源分析

通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、阴极发光和X-衍射等技术手段,研究了川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组砂岩的物质成分及结构特征,分析了砂岩的成分成熟度和结构成熟度,并按成分-成因分类方法划分了砂岩的岩石类型.利用Dickinson三角图分析砂岩组分得知研究区的多物源特征;重矿物组合及石英阴极发光颜色反映大邑地区须二和须三时期母岩类型为酸性岩浆岩,须四时期母岩类型为沉积岩,而丰谷—鸭子河地区须家河时期母岩类型以沉积岩和变质岩为主.综合分析研究区须二时期物源主要来自于龙门山隆起北段、南段岛链以及康滇古陆;须三时期继承了须二时期物源方向;须四时期及其后物源来自隆起的龙门山古陆.在物源分析的基础上,结合龙门山的造山运动,分析了研究区须家河组时期的沉积演化特征.     

中粗砂地层中顶管顶进力计算分析

以长春市伊通河排水管网改造工程为例,通过现场实测中粗砂地层条件下采用泥水平衡顶管顶进过程中顶进力的变化情况,系统研究了影响顶进力的因素及其变化规律,并对顶进力的计算进行了理论分析,与实际顶进力进行了对比,最后运用Matlab软件对实测数据进行数值分析,得出在该地质条件下的泥水平衡顶管摩阻力和顶进力计算公式。