The Fukushima Nuclear Power Station incident and marine pollution

Based on the facts relating to the radioactive wastewater discharged by the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station in Japan, this paper intends to explore the international legal obligations for Japan from three perspectives, namely, the immediate notification, the prevention of transboundary harm and the prevention of dumping. Furthermore, this article defines and compares two types of international legal liabilities, the traditional state responsibility and the responsibility for transboundary harm. Through comparison, the international legal liability of Japan is discussed. After detailed analysis, the conclusion is that Japan should be responsible for the obligation of immediate notification and since Japan unilaterally discharge the wastes without prior specific permits of other contracting countries, it should also be responsible for the violation of prevention of dumping. Since so far, no material injury has emerged and there would appear to be no culpability as regards the prevention of transboundary harm. Finally, this paper stresses the necessity to develop a worldwide agreement concerning the liability for transboundary harm and to establish an institutional framework for the enforcement of a state's obligations, and also the great significance of international cooperation between nations and organisations in relation to marine environmental protection.     

Mercury distribution, speciation and bioavailability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China

Surface sediments and sediment cores collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations and speciation using a sequential extraction method. The mobility of Hg in sediments was also assessed using a series of single extraction methods. The surface sediments from the PRE showed slightly elevated levels of Hg, with concentrations ranging from 109 to 453 ng/g. The vertical profile of THg in sediment cores indicated an accelerated input of Hg over the past decades. The organo-chelated and strong-complexed Hg species were the dominant Hg species in the sediments, while the more mobile phases of Hg made up less than 0.5% of THg. Less than 10% of the Hg in the sediments was extracted by single extraction, depending on the extractant employed. Significant relationships were found between the total organic carbon and THg, geochemical speciation, and extractability, indicating the important role of organic matter in controlling the distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of Hg in sediments.     

Monitoring and visualizing of PAHs into mangrove plant by two-photon laser confocal scanning microscopy

In this paper, we described the applications of two-photon laser confocal scanning microscopy (TPLCSM) for in situ monitoring and visualizing the localizations and movements of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene into living Aegiceras corniculata (L.) Blanco seedlings (A. corniculata). Experimental results demonstrated that all of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were observed entering into the root of A. corniculata and being transmitted to the stem. The transport processes and subsequent storages of the three typical PAHs into A. corniculata were similar. Further studies indicated that the transmission rates of the PAHs in A. corniculata were in the order of naphthalene>phenanthrene>pyrene. Compared with the control group, the growth of the A. corniculata was inhibited by these three specific PAHs, and the inbibitional effect of naphthalene was the most obvious (P<0.05). Furthermore, without the need for sample manipulation or modification this TPLCSM provides us a real-time tool for direct observation of organic chemicals within plants.     

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the coastal East China Sea

Forty-two surface sediment samples collected from the southern coastal East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The results showed high concentrations of DDTs and parent DDT fractions in the nearshore area, suggesting that there is still a fresh input of these species from non-point sources, probably due to the recent usage of relevant products. However, for HCHs, the high concentrations with elevated β-HCH fraction were focused at the local major river estuaries, indicating that soils-released HCH input was mainly from the major river runoffs. The distribution and composition of OCPs in the coastal ECS could be more prominently controlled by the direct regional inputs rather than the general natural sorption process on particulate organic carbon. DDTs and chlordane are more important for their potential ecotoxicological risk on neighboring benthic community in the nearshore region and the local major river estuaries.     

ENSO背景下印度洋偶极子海温异常对中国冬季降水的影响

利用1950—2009年Hadley环流中心全球月平均海表温度资料、1960—2009年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,研究分析了印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋异常海温(ENSO)对中国冬季降水的协同影响和不同作用,通过对比分析,揭示了IOD独立发生、ENSO独立发生以及IOD与ENSO联合发生时中国冬季降水的差异。研究结果表明: IOD异常海温和ENSO异常海温的出现虽然具有较高的协同性,但二者对我国冬季降水的影响效应不尽相同,IOD与ENSO的同时发生并不是两者单独发生时各自作用的叠加,而是具有协同或抵消作用。仅有IOD发生时,其正位相年使得中国西南(云南西部除外)、华南以及华北、东北地区的冬季降水出现正异常,在江淮流域出现负异常,反之亦然。但是IOD正位相比负位相对中国冬季降水的影响更显著。当IOD与ENSO同时出现时,IOD的作用使得ENSO对我国西南(云南西部除外)、内蒙、东北地区冬季降水的影响作用更为显著。此外还初步分析了IOD与中国冬季降水关系影响的环流成因。      

柴达木盆地北缘走滑-冲断构造特征及其油气勘探思路

处于阿尔金左行走滑构造带东缘的柴北缘,过去一致认为是个前陆逆冲带,并对其逆冲构造特征作了大量的研究。通过本次的野外地质勘察和深部地震测线研究,证实柴达木盆地北缘的主要变形样式为走滑-挤压构造,具有挤压推覆特征的同时伴生有走滑构造,并且主要断层系统沿走向滑动的距离远大于沿倾向冲断推覆的距离,从而建立了柴北缘走滑-逆冲构造的地质模型;这对其地震解释有指导作用。从柴达木盆地的构造变形时间序列和演变特征从西向东依次扩展、构造活动从老变新,认为柴北缘的走滑-逆冲构造受阿尔金山大型走滑构造和祁连山剧烈的逆冲挤压构造共同控制。最后研究了柴北缘的走滑-逆冲构造特征对油气勘探的意义,加强勘探评价冷湖—南八仙走滑逆冲构造带的翼部断块圈闭和赛什腾山南缘逆冲推覆体下伏地层。     

各向异性叠前时间偏移在南黄海海相油气勘探中的应用

与常规叠后时间偏移相比,叠前时间偏移具有更高的成像精度、信噪比和更好的波组特征,特别在构造复杂、速度横向变化大的地区,叠前时间偏移的优势更为明显。基于各向异性叠前时间偏移,考虑了地层的非均质性和复杂地震射线的传播问题,提高了对复杂地质构造的成像精度。针对南黄海海相油气地震勘探中的成像难题和原始地震资料品质,通过处理攻关试验形成了以各向异性Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移技术为主体的成像处理流程和参数,改善勘探目标层的成像品质。     

井间干扰对煤层气渗流规律影响的数值模拟

多井开采煤层气在我国尚处于起步阶段,该技术涉及的数学理论较为复杂,不易获得解析解,而数值模拟方法可以较好地获得数值解,从而为煤层气的开采提供理论指导。在基本假设条件下,建立了多井煤层气渗流数学模型;在一定的边界条件及初始条件下,利用数值模拟软件进行编程计算后,得到单井及多井开采100d后的压力场、压力漏斗降和速度场。数值模拟结果显示,在一定的生产区域和开采时间,随着井筒数目的增加,井间压力场和流速场干扰加强,压力漏斗降大面积扩展,煤层气供气区及解吸面积大幅增长,煤层气解吸能力及稳产能力加强。      

基于神经网络对有限元强度折减法分析

基于改进BP神经网络方法对目前较为流行的强度折减法的理论进行分析。人工神经网络可以模拟人脑的思维,可以在完全不知道数据分布形式和变量之间确切关系的的情况下处理边坡各参数之间的复杂非线性映射,利用这一优势预测分析不同的理论在实际应用中的准确性。将已经通过工程手段计算出结果的数据以输入单元、隐含层和输出单元的形式代入系统进行神经网络训练,不同的屈服准则对应训练出不同的网络系统。用训练好的网络对检验数据进行预测分析,还使用这一方法预测了不同剪胀角对边坡破坏的影响程度及趋势,结果显示,对于平面应变问题,在有限元强度折减法中使用DP4和DP5准则所得到的效果较好,DP1准则的误差最大。     

岩质隧洞支护结构设计计算方法探索

依靠模型试验与力学计算,分析了隧洞破坏机制与型式,提出将基于有限元强度折减法求出的围岩安全系数作为稳定分析判据。现有各种围岩分类中都有一些标志围岩稳定性的标志性说明,在前人基础上,提出了各级岩体的稳定性标志,尤其提出了一种新的定量标志,即将隧洞在无衬砌情况下的围岩安全系数作为隧洞稳定性定量标志。由此,在给出的相应稳定安全系数基础上反算出各级岩体的强度参数,以提高强度参数的准确性。提出了岩质隧洞的设计计算方法,采用有限元强度折减法计算围岩安全系数,采用有限元法计算衬砌安全系数,并对青岛市某地下工程进行数值模拟,分别计算了围岩和衬砌的安全系数。初步建议岩体隧洞的设计标准：初期支护后,围岩安全系数不小于1.15～1.2,初衬的安全系数不小于1.3;二次支护后围岩安全系数高于1.25,衬砌的安全系数大于2.0～2.4,以确保隧洞在施工和运行过程中的安全。