Determining the permeability of fractured rocks based on joint mapping

A typical fractured rock mass is intersected by several sets of discontinuities, which provide the main flowpath for ground water. Due to the limitations of data obtained by conventional field measurements, it is often difficult to estimate the anisotropic permeability tensor associated with the joints existing in the rock mass. For that reason, determining permeability tensors for fractured rocks is an important topic in rock mass hydraulics. Based on field surveys, joint parameters can be analyzed by using probabilistic and statistical tools, and three-dimensional mapping of the jointed rock mass. Through analysis of a single joint's hydraulic characteristics, the principal value of the permeability tensor for the jointed rock mass can be determined by using Monte Carlo methods and the searching percolation trace method, which is developed in this paper. The study reports on practical examples demonstrating that results from the methods discussed in this paper are in agreement with those from field hydrogeological surveys and measurements.     

Semianalytical solutions for stream depletion in partially penetrating streams

In the analysis of streamflow depletion, the Hunt (1999) solution has an important advantage because it considers a partially penetrating stream. By extending the Hunt drawdown solution, this paper presents semianalytical solutions for gaining streams that evaluate the induced stream infiltration and base flow reduction separately. Simulation results show that for a given deltah (the initial hydraulic head difference between stream and aquifer beneath the channel), the base flow reduction is in direct proportion to the product of streambed leakage (lambda) and the distance between pumping well and stream (L), and the induced stream infiltration is in inverse proportion to lambdaL. Deltah has a significant effect on the ratio of stream infiltration to base flow reduction. The results from the semianalytical solutions agree well with those from MODFLOW simulations. The semianalytical solutions are useful in the verification of numerical simulations and in the analysis of stream-aquifer interactions where water quantity or quality is concerned.     

Push-pull tests for assessing in situ aerobic cometabolism

Three types of single-well push-pull tests were developed for use in assessing the feasibility of in situ aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). These included transport tests, biostimulation tests, and activity tests. Transport tests are conducted to evaluate the mobility of solutes used in subsequent tests. These included bromide or chloride (conservative tracers), propane (growth substrate), ethylene, propylene (CAH surrogates), dissolved oxygen (electron acceptor), and nitrate (a minor nutrient). Tests were conducted at an experimental wellfield of Oregon State University. At this site, extraction phase breakthrough curves for all solutes were similar, indicating apparent conservative transport of the dissolved gases and nitrate prior to biostimulation. Biostimulation tests were conducted to stimulate propane-utilizing activity of indigenous microorganisms and consisted of sequential injections of site ground water containing dissolved propane and oxygen. Biostimulation was detected by the increase in rates of propane and oxygen utilization after each injection. Activity tests were conducted to quantify rates of substrate utilization and to confirm that CAH-transforming activity had likely been stimulated. In particular, the transformation of injected CAH surrogates ethylene and propylene to the cometabolic byproducts ethylene oxide and propylene oxide provided evidence that activity of the monooxygenase enzyme system, responsible for aerobic cometabolic transformations of CAHs, had likely also been stimulated. Estimated zero-order transformation rates decreased in the order propane > ethylene > propylene. The series of push-pull tests developed and field tested in this study should prove useful for conducting rapid, low-cost feasibility assessments for in situ aerobic cometabolism of CAHs.     

Effects of deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus on algal bloom and organic matter contents of bottom sediments of the enclosed sea

Algae growing in an enclosed sea may inhibit eutrophication because they absorb nutrients in the water. However, dead algae often cause anaerobic conditions in the water just above and on sediment after they are deposited on the bottom. We found that Stichopus japonicus inhibited the anaerobic processes coupling water sulfite production in sediment. The present study investigates whether S. japonicus inhibits algal flourish and influences sediment properties such as organic matter contents. Aquarium experiments were carried out at Komatsushima port in Tokushima Prefecture, western Japan. The aquaria used in the experiments were supplied with water directly from the adjacent sea (6 L/min), laid with sand of 10 cm depths, and lighted at 12 h intervals. Six aquaria each containing a sea cucumber from Komatsushima port and six aquaria without any were used in the experiments. Water temperature ranged between 9 and 15 degrees C during December 2000 and April 2001. Salinity ranged between 32 per thousand and 34 per thousand. Algae began to cover the bottom of the aquaria without S. japonicus after 2 weeks, whereas no growth was evident in the aquaria containing sea cucumbers. Chlorophyll a concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (6.1+/-3.6 microg/g, mean S.D.+/-standard deviation) was significantly lower than that without it (60+/-17 microg/g, U-test, p<0.05). Phaeophytin concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (0.9+/-0.09 microg/g) was also significantly lower than that without it (4.5+/-1.0 microg/g, U-test, p<0.05). TOC concentration in the surface sediment of the aquaria with S. japonicus (2.6+/-1.3 microg/g) was slightly lower than that without it (4.0+/-1.2 microg/g). These results showed that algal biomass and organic matter concentration of the bottom were decreased in the presence of S. japonicus. Therefore, S. japonicus inhibits algal bloom and decrease the contents of organic matter deposited on the bottom of enclosed sea areas.     

天然地震学中的主要公式（二）

固体中的孔洞、沟槽、裂缝、内含物以及其他裂纹都会使其边界附近的应力增加或集中。例如,x_1—x_2平面受x_2方向上远距离负载σ~∞的作用,围绕原点的圆孔边界上的张应力是: σ_(θθ)=σ~∞(1+2cos2θ) (4.1)式中x_1轴正方向上θ=0。方程(4.1)表明在圆孔与x_1轴的交点处应力增加了3倍。在x_1—x_2平面原点周围,主轴为α、     

OHP数据中心

海洋半球计划(OHP)台网是一个覆盖以前观测密度低的西太平洋区域的地球物理观测台网。该台网是集地震、GPS、地磁和超导重力观测于一体的台网。联合使用该台网与以前所建台网的资料，我们可得到全球台站更均匀分布的台站资料。为了使用户充分受益，数据交换应是首先考虑的问题。     

日本西南丰后水道的无震滑动和低频地震

对全球定位系统(GPS)数据的分析显示出，自1996～1997年类似事件之后6年的2003年8月底以来，日本西南丰后水道发生了瞬时地壳形变。考虑到许多GPS测点东南向运动以及1996～1997年事件与2003年事件有类似之处，这些瞬变过程很可能是由菲律宾海板块和阿穆里板块之间板问瞬时无震滑动所引起的。估计2003年这次无震滑动发生在丰后水道下，其相对滑动在西侧随时间增加，矩震级(Mw)达到7．0。与开始和结束都与2003年事件一致的低频地震逐渐平息不同，2003年瞬时地壳形变以大致为常数的速率进行，一直到2003年11月底。丰后水道区可能通过无震滑动释放了来自菲律宾海板块消减而聚积的能量。     

期待很久的2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震磁效应

1976年以来，在加利福尼亚帕克菲尔德地区沿圣安德烈斯断层上长约60km的闭锁-蠕动过渡带，布设了由7个采样同步的质子磁力仪构成的差动连接的台阵，对该地区的局部磁场进行了准确的测量。2004年9月28日的M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震中恰好位于这个台阵之内，此次地震在其中的5个台站的观测中产生了0．2nT～0．5nT的同震磁场变化。但是从地震发生前1个月、前1周及前数天的地磁观测数据中，都检测不到明显高于背景噪声水平的震前磁场变化（由于没有可检测出的形变、地震活动或孔隙压力变化数据，理论上也应观测不到震前磁场变化）。在地震破裂末端附近的一个台站也记录了0．01Hz-20Hz频带内的电场和磁场数据，借助于沿断层的北西延长线上距该台站约115km的另一个台站的观测数据，对来自电离层和磁层的同模式噪声进行了校正。校正后的数据中既没有发现1989年ML7．1级洛马普列塔地震前可能存在ULF频带（0．01Hz-20Hz）的异常磁噪声，也没有发现相同震级的希腊地震震前产生的电场变化。基于应变、位移和地震数据反演得到的地震一致滑动和可变滑动压磁模型，能够计算出与磁力仪台阵观测到的结果相符的磁场扰动。1993年以来，该区域内长期存在着与荷载增加一致的较高磁场变化，与之相伴的是由一个两色EDM台网和另一个较小的钻孔应变仪台网观测到的剪应变率的长期增长及表现在1992、1993和1994年各发生了一次M4．5～5．0级地震的地震活动性的增强。集成了所有这些数据建立的模型揭示了该区域在深度剖面上有增大的滑动，这也许对2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的最后发生起到了重要的作用。本次地震以及其他发生于圣安德烈斯断层系内其他地方的M5～7．3级地震的震前电场和磁场前兆的缺乏，表明了仅利用现有的这些电磁数据来对破坏性地震做出有意义的预测看来并不可能。     

Alkylbenzenes in mussels from South and South East Asian coasts as a molecular tool to assess sewage impact

Alkylbenzenes, molecular markers of sewage, were measured in 34 green mussels collected from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines together with blue mussels collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Linear alkylbenzene (LAB) concentrations in South and South East Asian countries ranged from 10 to 1640 ng-∑LAB/g-dry tissue. In some populous cities, LAB concentrations were similar or higher than those found in northern Tokyo Bay which is heavily impacted by sewage effluents. I/E ratios (a ratio of internal to external isomers of LABs) in the South and South East Asian countries (1–3) were much lower than those in Tokyo Bay (3–8), indicating sewage discharged in the coastal zone is poorly treated (e.g., raw sewage and/or primary effluents). Alkylbenzenes with branched alkyl chains, tetrapropylene-based alkylbenzenes, were also detected in mussels from Indonesia and Philippines. This “tell-tale” sign indicates that poorly degradable detergents are still in use in this area, although they have long been phased-out in many industrialized countries.     

用装在全站仪上的数字相机进行城区测量

管理者和设计得对三维目标模型的需求日益增加,尤其是在建筑环境下,装在一台全站仪上的数字相机能够准确地获取建筑物的立面和近似立面。本文作者设计出了一个视经纬仪模型,并指出了将来需要研究的问题。