SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF WATERSHEDS

An extensive database of reservoir sedimentation surveys throughout continental United States is compiled and analyzed to determine specific degradation SD relationships as function of mean annual rainfall R, drainage area A, and watershed slope S. The database contains 1463 field measurements and specific degradation relationships are defined as function of A, R and S. Weak trends and significant variability in the data are noticeable. Specific degradation measurements are log normally distributed with respect to R, A, and S and 95% confidence intervals are determined accordingly. The accuracy of the predictions does not significantly increase as more independent variables are added to the regression analyses.     

用1Hz GPS观测数据推导中强震震源过程的能力:2008年日本岩手—宫城内陆地震例子

通过反演研究2008年日本岩手—宫城内陆地震（M～6.9）,说明了用1Hz全球定位系统（GPS）观测数据推导中强震（M6级）震源过程的能力。比较了此次地震采样率为1Hz的GPS观测波形,发现与强震仪记录波形有很好的一致性。由于震源区及其周围有足够多的GPS台站很好地记录到了地面运动,因而使我们仅仅采用1Hz的GPS观测数据就可进行波形反演。反演的结果与大地测量和强震仪数据联合反演的结果相当一致,如地震矩（Mw～6.9）、累积滑动量分布和破裂传播等。这种一致性证明,采样率为1Hz的GPS观测数据不仅能用来推导M6级中强震破裂过程的动态特征,而且能用来推导其持久（或静态）的滑动。     

日本中部伊平半岛东部地震的震磁模型

４次破坏性地震所伴随的震磁变化用压磁效应作了解释。这睦变化是在日本中部伊豆半岛东部观察到的。大部分数据由重复测量获得,虽然这些数据受到电力火车噪音的影响,但在靠近地震的测点土观测到了有意义的地磁变化。１９７８年伊豆半岛附近地震与１０８０年伊豆半岛东部近海地震的同震绪阿由压磁模型得到很好的解释。在靠近１９７６年河津地震震中的一个测点上观测到高达５ｎＴ的总强度变化。该变化不能由单断裂模型解释,由此提出     

用大地测量法探测南加州的活动断层

最近对跨越南加州圣安德烈斯断层系的大地测量点位的速度进行了分析,分析结果揭示出震间形变沿12条剪切应变率较高的近乎平行的狭窄带发生。这些高剪切应变带与活动地质断层段对应很好,与微震活动集中带局部对应。从圣安德烈斯断层大弯处向北和向南都观测到了较高的剪切应变率(0.3～0.95微应变/a),而大弯处本身则表现出分散且量级低的剪切应变率。扩散性形变分散且量级较低(<0.2微应变/a),压缩性形变在文图拉和洛杉矶盆地最高。由于以前在该地区从未作过地质、构造和地震活动的假设,因此,我们的分析可以证明大地测量可单独用来探测活动断层段。     

EMPIRICAL-NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEADCUT MIGRATION

1INTRODUCTION A headcut is a vertical or near-vertical drop or discontinuity on the channel bed of a stream,rill or gully,at which a free overfall flow often occurs,as shown in Fig.1.A headcut is usually eroded by the action of hydraulic stress,basal sapping,weathering,or the combination of these processes.Headcut erosion can accelerate soil loss,increase sediment yields in streams,damage earthen spillways,and disturb bank stability.Therefore,the prediction of headcut migration is a very …     

The discovery of a new family Sunopteridae fam. nov. (Insecta: Protorthoptera) from Shaanxi Province,China

The fossil specimens discussed in this paper were collected from the grayish green mudstone and shale in the upper part of Lower Member of Middle Triassic Tongchuan Formation (T2t) in Shaanxi Province, China. Venationary feature correlation with old families and taxonomic discussion show that, among them, one specimen can be assigned to a new family - Sunopteridae fam. nov., which includes a new genus and species and can be referred to Order Protorthoptera Handlirsch, 1906 in taxonomic position, thus belonging to a new member of the Tongchuan Entomoassemblage of Shaanxi Entomofauna (belonging to Shaanxi Biota). The discovery of the new family and its new genus and species has certain reference values as follows: ① The discovery of the new family and its new genus and species fills firstly the vacancy in the protorthopterous field of China; ② In the meantime, it fills also the gaps of the valuable Middle Triassic protorthopterous fossil specimens between Late Carboniferous and Late Triassic Epochs in the world; ③ Judging from venationary features and taxonomic position, especially in the course of the formation of the merged vein of M and Cu, it formed a new unique and particular style of merged vein M+Cu. It not only is unique and simple, but also can be distinguished from the above mentioned 10 old families, thus providing important taxonomic evidence.     

土壤的冷生构造及其对阿拉斯加土地利用的意义

Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations.     

台湾地区的三维P波和S波速度结构:岛弧-大陆碰撞带的深部结构

台湾岛是欧亚大陆架和属菲律宾海板块的吕宋岛弧向北延伸形成的弧形列岛间少有的活动碰撞产物。为了更好地认识这个碰撞的演化和近代构造,我们从台湾遥测地震台网记录的50000个原始记录中挑选了1260个好的地震记录,用于决定该岛下的一维和三维P与S波速度结构。速度结构和地震再定位的结果指出,该岛在构造上分为三个不同的地带。在东部,菲律宾海板块正俯冲于欧亚板块的东部,其北西向边界由地震活动和高速度区圈定。在南部,欧亚大陆板块正俯冲于菲律宾海板块,在大约23°N的东西向边界的南端,它可由壳下地震活动性和相当低的速度区很好地圈定。消减大陆的倾角很小,在吕宋岛弧东边,距主要岛屿50 km内都是这样。在该岛23°N以北的主要部分的结构指出,中央山脉的西部25 km的深度以上有一低速度缓倾带,而在那个深度以下,至少到50 km,呈现窄而陡的倾斜。由窄地震活动带勾画出该低速区的倾向,并延伸到100 km。这个地震带处于速度的鞍部,在24°N的中部低速区呈现明显的断错。因而,欧亚大陆消减带在台湾的证据在该岛下处处存在,地幔低速区证实,但未必需要,在大陆下地壳约6—16 km的消减带至少已达50 km的深度。在23°N速度结构和地震活动性的明显变化及在24°N低速范围的水平断错表明,在通过这些纬度时,消减带特性有突然变化。这些变化可以是吕宋岛弧和消减大陆架相互作用引起,它类似于表面的相互影响。最后,消减的菲律宾海板块的速度结构指出,在70 km深度以下,地震不在板块的高速区内发生,但有可能处于板块的上缘附近。地震位置和速度结构也指出,消减板块是分段的,而且消减作用当今正在22°N的南部发生。