2013年7月22日甘肃岷县-漳县M_S6.6地震震源破裂过程

2013年7月22日,在甘肃岷县漳县交界处发生MS6.6地震,地震震中位置靠近临潭—宕昌断裂.本文通过构建有限断层模型,利用国家强震动台网中心提供的12条强地面运动三分量资料,通过波形反演方法来研究这次地震的震源破裂过程.结果显示这次地震是发生在甘东南地区岷县—宕昌断裂带东段附近的一次MW6.1级逆冲兼具左旋走滑破裂事件,最大滑动量约为80cm.发震断层走向及滑动性质与岷县—宕昌断裂吻合,推断本次地震与东昆仑断裂向北的扩展和推挤密切相关,是岷县—宕昌断裂进一步活动的结果.     

Increase in thermal groundwater due to a flowing well near the Songshan hot spring in Beijing,China

The Songshan hot spring occurs in granite in Yanqing County in northwestern Beijing, China. TDS of the hot water ranges from 459 to 475 mg/L and pH varies between 8.6 and 9.13. The water is of Na–SO₄ type. Isotopic analyses indicate that the hot spring is meteoric in origin and receives recharge from precipitation in the northern and northwestern granite mountain with elevation of about 1,600–1,800 m. The depth of circulation of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be 2,240 m below the spring’s threshold and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir, 76°C. The residence time of the thermal groundwater is estimated to be about 52 years. A flowing well near the spring has chemical compositions and formation conditions similar to the spring. The discharge of the flowing well is approximately eighteen times larger than that of the spring and the residence time of the former (about 15.4 years) is about three times smaller than that of the latter. Although the well and spring are close to each other, the well’s larger flow rates, indicated residence time and high hydraulic head suggest that the well taps a separate, but genetically similar flow system.     

西江河口段溶解无机碳稳定同位素组成的时空变化

For researching the spatio-temporal variation of the stable isotopic composition of the riverine dissolved inorganic carbon（DIC）,we had carried out a survey throughout the hydrologic year during which theδ^13CDIC of the surface water and its physicochemical parameter were examined along the Xijiang River Inner Estuarine waterway from September 2006 to June 2007.There was a striking seasonal variation on the averageδ^13CDIC,as the averageδ^13CDIC in summer（-13.91‰）or autumn（-13.09‰）was much less than those in spring（-11.71‰）or winter（-12.26‰）.The riverineδ13C DIC was controlled by decomposed condition of the riverine organic matter linking the seasonal variation of the physicochemical parameter in the surface water according to the correlation analysis which indicated notable relations betweenδ^13CDIC and water temperature（p=0.000;r=-0.569）or betweenδ^13CDIC and oxide-reduction potential（p=0.000;r=0.646）.The striking positive correlation between δ^13CDIC and the sampling distance happened in the summer rainy season,while striking negative correlation happened in the spring dry season,indicating that river-sea interaction influenced water physicochemical parameters and controlled the riverine DIC property in the survey waterway.In view of the riverineδ^13CDIC decreasing for the decomposition of the terrestrial organic matter in the rainy season in summer and increasing for the briny invaded zone extending in the spring dry season along the waterway from the Makou gauging station to the Modaomen outlet,theδ^13CDIC spatio-temporal variation was closely related to the geographical environment of the Xijiang drainage basin.     

广东雷州半岛玄武岩地下水水文地球化学特征及演化模拟

应用水化学分析软件和水-岩作用模拟软件对雷州半岛的水文地球化学进行了分析和路径模拟。沿东、西2个地下水径流方向从一级台地补给区至二级台地、三级台地排泄区的模拟计算结果表明,地下水可能经历了一系列复杂的水-岩作用,包括石膏、高岭石、钙蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石、斜辉石(或透辉石)、针铁矿、赤铁矿的溶解或沉淀及CO2气体的溶解或逸出等地球化学反应。针铁矿、赤铁矿和透辉石的溶解或沉淀量在沿东面地下水径流方向上远小于沿西面方向;针铁矿和赤铁矿只在少量水点发生溶解进入地下水,在大多数水点处于饱和状态而从地下水中析出;CO2气体在大多数取样点发生溶解进入地下水中,其溶解量较大,且随着CO2在水中浓度的变大,其饱和指数也增大,达到饱和后从水中逸出。可见水-岩作用模拟结果有助于揭示研究区地下水化学环境的演化机制。     

南海冰期陆架风化与碳循环

第四纪冰期-间冰期旋回中大气CO₂浓度周期性演变的过程和机制是国际学术界长期争论的前沿科学问题。迄今研究大多强调大洋深部过程的调控,忽略了冰期-间冰期时间尺度上海平面巨大变化所引起的陆架风化的反馈作用。本研究基于末次冰盛期以来海南岛万泉河口、珠江口、台湾浊水溪口和南海北部台西南盆地4根岩芯沉积物粘土粒级组分的钕同位素和粘土矿物组成的分析,开展了南海及全球其他地区的风化和气候记录对比。南海西侧的东亚大陆化学风化强度在全新世明显高于末次冰盛期-冰消期,突显了末次冰期以来大陆风化演变的季风驱动;台湾则呈现较为稳定的化学风化模式,反映了高侵蚀速率条件下受限制的化学风化。台西南盆地的沉积物源持续来自台湾岛,显示出冰期的化学风化强度比全新世增强近1倍。类似记录在南海北部和南部陆坡-海盆,甚至西菲律宾海都有发现,推测为冰期低海平面时期陆架暴露风化增强所致。本研究表明,冰期热带陆架硅酸盐风化是影响冰期-间冰期碳循环的一个不可忽略的重要机制。

     

考虑样本差异的一种地下水质模糊评判方法与应用

应用传统模糊评判方法评价地下水质量时,通常以地下水质量标准为参考进行权重赋值,没有考虑由于水质复杂而引起的评价地区内部各取样点测试指标值之间的差异,评价结果极有可能出现一个样本因某项指标的相对含量较大而被列为水质较差级别的现象,不能为水资源缺乏地区水资源管理提供客观的依据。本文针对传统模糊评判的不足,选用广义权海明距离公式为评价公式,用样本权重来表达样本差异程度,再和标准权重相结合作为总的权重,建立了考虑样本差异的地下水质模糊评判体系。选择pH、溶解性总固体、总硬度、Cl-、SO42-和NO3-作为评价指标,分别运用传统模糊评判和考虑样本差异的模糊评判法对鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地的环河组含水岩组进行地下水质量评价。评价结果表明,考虑样本差异的模糊评判所得的Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水分布面积明显小于传统模糊评判所得的结果,环河组含水岩组地下水水质的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级主要分布在盆地的北部,盆地南部的地下水质明显劣于盆地北部。影响水质分布的因素主要有水化学场、水动力场、岩相古地理等。     

基于浮标实测数据的WindSat海洋反演产品精度分析

To evaluate the ocean surface wind vector and the sea surface temperature obtained from Wind Sat, we compare these quantities over the time period from January 2004 to December 2013 with moored buoy measurements. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind speed and the buoy wind speed is low for the low frequency wind speed product(WSPD_LF), ranging from –0.07 to 0.08 m/s in different selected areas. The overall RMS error is 0.98 m/s for WSPD_LF, ranging from 0.82 to 1.16 m/s in different selected regions. The wind speed retrieval result in the tropical Ocean is better than that of the coastal and offshore waters of the United States. In addition, the wind speed retrieval accuracy of WSPD_LF is better than that of the medium frequency wind speed product. The crosstalk analysis indicates that the Wind Sat wind speed retrieval contains some cross influences from the other geophysical parameters, such as sea surface temperature, water vapor and cloud liquid water. The mean bias between the Wind Sat wind direction and the buoy wind direction ranges from –0.46° to 1.19° in different selected regions. The overall RMS error is 19.59° when the wind speed is greater than 6 m/s. Measurements of the tropical ocean region have a better accuracy than those of the US west and east coasts. Very good agreement is obtained between sea surface temperatures of Wind Sat and buoy measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean; the overall RMS error is only 0.36°C, and the retrieval accuracy of the low latitudes is better than that of the middle and high latitudes.     

Volcanic eruptions in the Longgang volcanic field,northeastern China,during the past 15,000 years

The Longgang volcanic field, located in northeastern China, is volcanically active with a number of eruptions during the Quaternary but the chronology of the eruptions is poorly defined. Some tephra layers are well preserved in the annually laminated sediments of maar lakes in the region, and facilitate the construction of a much improved chronological framework for the volcanic history of the area. The results of our investigations reveal that three basaltic explosive eruptions occurred at AD 460, 11460 cal yr BP and 14000 cal yr BP, respectively. The largest explosive basaltic eruption (AD 460) produced a thick black scoria layer in the Longgang volcanic field, including lakes. The tephra distribution and chronological data suggest that this eruption is likely to be from the Jinlongdingzi volcano. Two basaltic flood eruptions occurred at Jinlongdingzi. The earlier basaltic eruption produced a lava flow that spread over a forest and encased standing trees. Two radiocarbon ages obtained from charcoal samples collected from the burned remains of these trees are 1828–1989 cal yr BP and 2164–2359 cal yr BP. In the most recent stage of volcanism, the lava flow extended only ca. 2 km, and flowed into Lake Dalongwan. From the present status of the forest ecosystem, which has not yet reached the fully mature successional stage, we estimate that this lava is very young (ca. a few hundreds years old). Jinlongdingzi is a potentially dangerous volcano. Monitoring and assessment of the potential hazards in the Longgang volcanic field should be carried out in the future.     

云南地震台网震级对比研究

利用云南地震台网记录的云南及其周边地区2000～2017年的宽频带数字地震资料,按照新的震级国家标准《地震震级的规定》(GB17740-2017)的测定方法,使用同一套软件,对地方性震级M_L、面波震级M_S、宽频带面波震级M_S(BB)、短周期体波震级m_b、宽频带体波震级m_B(BB)和矩震级M_W重新进行人工测量。并分别用一般线性回归和正交回归方法,对不同震级之间的关系进行对比,给出它们之间的经验关系式。研究结果表明:(1)当M4.5时,各种震级之间相差不大,使用地方性震级M_L可以较好地表示地震的大小,也能够更加充分地反映区域特性;当4.5≤M8.0时,宽频带面波震级M_S(BB)和矩震级MW均能较好地表示地震的大小,但矩震级M_W的测定需要一定时间,因此在速报工作和大震应急中,可以使用M_S(BB)表示地震的大小; M_S(BB)的测定方法与国际接轨,消除0.2的震级偏差。(2)对于面波震级MS和宽频带面波震级M_S(BB),由于面波测量的位置、计算公式和量归函数不同,M_S比M_S(BB)系统偏高0.2左右;短周期体波震级mb较宽频带体波震级m_B(BB)整体偏小0.2左右,主要区别在于仿真模式。(3)宽频带面波震级M_S(BB)和宽频带体波震级m_B(BB)均在垂直向原始宽频带记录上直接测定,取消波形仿真环节,另外,相比测定m_B(BB)震中距要求大于5度,许多台站被限制,M_S(BB)更利于区域台网测定。(4)当3.5≤ML≤6.5时,M_L较M_W整体偏大; M_S≥3.5时,M_S也较M_W整体偏大,且均随着震级增加,偏差值呈上升趋势。(5)当M≥8.0时,面波震级出现饱和现象,使用矩震级M_W表示M≥8.0地震的大小。