基于MODIS积雪覆盖产品的中国天山积雪时空分布特征研究

利用2002-2016年MODIS逐日积雪遥感产品(MOD10A1、MYD10A1),采用日产品合成法、临近日分析法、空间滤波法和相邻时间合成法,生成天山山区逐日晴空积雪遥感产品数据集,研究分析了天山山区积雪时空分布特征。结果表明：近15a,天山山区平均积雪覆盖面积变化不明显,呈略微减少趋势,但主要表现为年际间的波动变化;分季节来看,天山山区积雪覆盖面积冬季 > 秋季> 春季 > 夏季;积雪面积从9月开始积累,1月达到峰值,占天山总面积的50±25%,3月开始消融,8月达到最低值,仅占天山总面积的为3.5±2%。;天山山区大部分区域积雪开始时间在第300天之后,积雪结束时间在第40~150天左右,海拔较高的区域积雪开始时间较早;天山山区平均积雪日数小于60天的不稳定积雪区主要分布在天山南坡、北坡边缘地带,占整个天山面积的44.57%,平均积雪日数在60~300天之间的区域占比为53.4%,主要分布在天山中部和北坡部分区域,平均积雪日数大于300天的永久积雪区,主要分布在海拔3800以上区域,占天山面积的2.03%。     

Intensive Radiosonde Measurements of Summertime Convection over the Inner Mongolia Grassland in 2014:Difference between Shallow Cumulus and Other Conditions

Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus(SCu) clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km.Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion(~2.9℃). Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio(high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux), which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus.     

水文干旱指数在汾河上游的适用性分析

为准确评价水文干旱,客观合理地构建干旱指数。以汾河上游的月径流为研究对象,首先从逻辑斯特、正态、对数正态、威布尔分布中选择出最优分布,利用最优分布计算标准径流干旱指数（Standardized Streamflow Drought Index, SSDI）;其次依据标准正态曲线特点对水文干旱事件进行等级划分;最后将标准径流干旱指数与径流Z指数和距平指数进行分析比较,并根据汾河上游实际干旱情况验证标准径流指数的适用性。结果表明:对数正态分布对汾河上游月径流的拟合程度最佳,根据该分布计算得到的指数以及干旱等级与汾河上游历史记载的旱涝情况基本相符;汾河上游不同干旱等级出现频率相对于时间尺度的变化具有稳定性。     

阴极发光分析在恢复砂岩碎屑长石含量中的应用——鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三叠系须家河组的研究

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组、太原组和四川盆地须家河组的砂岩都是中国重要的天然气储集层,其特征是具有极低的长石含量和广泛的方解石胶结作用。对这些地层的样品进行了阴极发光分析并很好地揭示了方解石胶结作用发生前的砂岩组构。研究表明：在这些含煤地层的砂岩中,至少有10%~20%的长石在埋藏成岩过程中被煤系地层的酸性流体所溶解,因而砂岩的高成分成熟度和较大的“粒间孔隙体积”都不是原生的。另外,残余长石的阴极发光性还表明：埋藏成岩过程中被溶解的长石主要是钾长石,说明在风化、搬运和埋藏成岩作用的早期阶段,钾长石是相对稳定的,更多的斜长石是在埋藏前或埋藏成岩作用的早期阶段被溶解的,因而钾长石应是碎屑岩埋藏成岩过程中对次生孔隙贡献最大的长石类型。     

Anchorage behaviour of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure under uniaxial loading: a particle mechanics approach

Particle flow code (PFC^2D) software was adopted to investigate the anchorage behaviour and the characteristics of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure (RSCSF). The microscopic parameters of the specimens in the numerical simulation were first validated by experimental outcomes of intact specimens, while the microscopic parameters of the rock bolts were validated based on the results of the RSCSF tests. Then, the mechanical parameters as well as the failure modes in the physical experiments were compared with those derived by the numerical simulation; the results showed good agreement between the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties and failure modes and those obtained in the laboratory experiments. The peak strength, number of cracks and the failure mode varied considerably as the anchorage angle α and fissure angle β increased. Three types of stress–strain curves, types I to III, were obtained from the RSCSF. Shear cracks were observed for all three categories of curves, but the tensile cracks were dominant. The number of cracks and the rate of bond failures decreased as the curve changed from type II to type I to type III. RSCSF failure can be classified into three failure modes: (1) tip crack propagation mode, (2) midpoint crack propagation mode and (3) rock bolt crack propagation mode. These failure modes are primarily differentiated by relations between α and β, and the ratio UCS_S/UCS_I between the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS, σ _max) of the RSCSF (UCS_S) and the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact specimen (UCS_I).     

银川市景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建

银川市生态保护与高质量发展已成为黄河流域可持续发展的重要组成部分,亟需优化区域生态安全格局。以银川市为研究区,综合生态风险评价模型和最小累积阻力模型,分析了银川市景观生态风险的时空分异特征,构建了生态安全格局并提出了生态安全保护策略。结果表明：（1） 银川市景观生态风险整体呈中北部高、南部低的空间分布特征,2000、2010年和2020年的景观生态风险指数平均值分别为0.2155、0.2145和0.2130,生态风险整体呈下降趋势,生态风险等级总体由高等级向低等级转移。（2） 共识别优化银川市生态廊道22条,生态节点52个,生态廊道累计长度约511.23 km,大致呈“北西—东南”方向网状分布,北部稀疏、南部密集。6条关键廊道贯穿南北,沿贺兰山国家级自然保护区—黄河—白芨滩国家级自然保护区一带分布,形成了“三纵”的空间格局分布特征。（3） 银川市优化后的生态安全格局由819.56 km²的生态源地、22条生态廊道和52个生态节点构成,并提出了针对生态源地、廊道和节点的生态安全保护策略,以期为银川市景观生态风险评价和生态安全水平的提升提供理论参考和依据。     

Climatic and environmental change in Yanchi Lake, Northwest China since the Late Glacial: A comprehensive analysis of lake sediments

Modern climate research has shown that the Asian summer monsoon water vapor transport is limited to the eastern part of the Qilian Mountains. On the Holocene millennial-scale, whether the northwest boundary of the summer monsoon varies according to climate change is a key scientific issue. Yanchi Lake is located in the northern Qilian Mountains and the middle of the Hexi Corridor, where the modern climate is less affected by the Asian summer monsoon. It is a key research area for examining the long-term variations of the Asian summer monsoon. Paleoclimatic data, including AMS ^14C dates of pollen concentrates and bulk organic carbon, lithology, grain-size, mineral composition and geochemical proxies were acquired from sediments of Yanchi Lake. The chronological results show that the lower part of the lacustrine section is formed mainly in the Late Glacial and early Holocene period, while the proxies＇ data indicate the lake expansion is associated with high content of mineral salts. The middle part of this section is formed during the transitional period of the early and middle Holocene. Affected by the reworking effect, the pollen concentrates AMS^14C dates from the middle part of the section are generally older than those from the lower part. Since the mid-Holocene, Yanchi Lake retreated significantly and the deposition rate dropped obvi- ously. The Yanchi Lake record is consistent with the Late Glacial and Holocene lake records in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the climatic records in typical monsoon domain, which indicate the lake expansion and the strong Asian summer monsoon during the Late Glacial and early Holocene. The long-term monsoonal pattern is different from the lake evolution in Central Asia on the Holocene millennial-scale. This study proves the monsoon impacts on the northwestern margin of the summer monsoon, and also proves the fact that the northern boundary of the summer monsoon moves according to millennial-scale climate change.     

蒙城地电场电极故障现象

根据对地电场观测系统和观测环境的检查,认为蒙城地震台数据变化与电极故障有关,非地震前兆异常.分析数据变化原因,叙述蒙城地震台本次电极更换的全过程,成功消除数据的不正常变化.     

蒙城地电阻率数据异常变化的应对措施

当地震前兆观测数据出现异常变化,特别是电阻率出现下降变化(范莹莹,2010)时,及时进行相应的检查、巡视和数据分析,是前兆异常核实工作的重要内容.针对此次数据变化,我们通过一系列的检查工作,初步排除观测系统、观测环境等因素.同时指出,本次数据变化时间短、幅度较小,目前尚无充分证据证明该变化属于震兆异常.