养殖中国对虾肝胰脏细小病毒病的免疫金银染色法诊断研究

80年代以来 ,肝胰脏细小病毒病在养殖中国对虾中广泛流行并造成了一定的损失。作者采用免疫金银染色 (immunogold silver staining,IGSS)技术 ,对患病对虾肝胰脏中的细小病毒(Hepatopancreatic parvovirus,HPV)进行了免疫组织化学的研究。结果表明 ,经 IGSS染色的病虾肝胰脏上皮细胞核内出现了黑色的、圆形或椭圆形、大小为 3～ 15μm的结构。由于该结构与 H- E染色切片上出现的肝胰脏细小病毒包涵体在发生部位、形态和大小上皆一致 ,故而认为该结构为HPV包涵体。证明 ,免疫金银染色法是一种可应用于中国对虾肝胰脏细小病毒病诊断的有效方法。     

单、双向振动条件下饱和粉砂变形特性对比试验研究

由于仪器水平的限制,关于土体的动力特性的研究目前多采用单向激振方式替代双向激振方式。而这两种激振方式在试验原理方面存在明显不同。很多研究表明,应力路径对土的响应有着不可忽视的影响,这两种方式相替代的合理性尚待证明。本文利用DSC2000多功能动三轴试验系统,选取尾矿砂分别在单向及双向振动条件下进行一系列饱和土的动力特性试验,对比两种激振方式作用下土体的滞回曲线以及骨干曲线的差异,分析土体在这两种振动方式下产生差异的原因,并应用双曲线模型对骨干曲线进行拟合,最后给出在进行土体变形特性试验时以单向激振方式替代双向激振方式的适用条件。     

谱比法反演震源谱拐角频率的改进研究

由于地震波的信噪比,传播路径效应,震源机制差异和震源过程等因素的影响,传统的谱比法反演的拐角频率结果不精确,离散性大。以谱比法为基础,引入Bootstrap重采样法,KolmogorovSmirnov检验以及谱比趋势检验的筛选方法,对谱比法的反演结果进行精度评定和筛选,提高谱比法反演的拐角频率精度。将此方法应用于汶川地震余震的拐角频率、地震辐射能量、辐射效率以及能矩比等震源参数反演,建立拐角频率与地震矩之间的对应关系,验证谱比法以及三种筛选方法的可靠性。汶川地震余震震源参数反演结果表明,汶川地震余震的拐角频率与地震矩对应关系M₀∝f_c^-3.295±0.25存在与自相似关系M₀∝f_c^-3偏离现象。在地震释放能量方面,存在能矩比随地震矩增大而增大,以及大地震的辐射效率大于小地震的现象。     

不同掏蚀深度下古城墙的稳定性数值分析

以浙江良渚古城的宽顶古场面墙稳定性问题为研究对象,本文针对古城墙可能出现的不同深度的风沙掏蚀的实际工况,通过有限差分软件FLAC3D,建立计算模型进行了稳定性分析,探讨了不同掏蚀深度下城墙破坏机理和规律.研究表明:当城墙墙根掏蚀深度不是很大时,城墙整体稳定,土体开始出现比较小的位移量,掏蚀部位及其周围出现局部塑性破坏现象.随着掏蚀深度的增加,城墙塑性破坏区域不断向城墙体内部、顶部及顶部后缘范围发展,城墙上的土体位移量随着掏蚀深度的增加而呈数量级的增加,直至城墙出现整体崩塌破坏.掏蚀作用加剧了地震作用下城墙体的破坏,在掏蚀部位形成潜在破坏口,内部形成塑性贯通区,造成墙体整体崩塌.     

不同频带数字化测震对比

通过对蒙城地震台不同频带数字化测震仪器记录的波形及震级进行对比分析,得出不同频带仪器记录不同地震事件的特点及其优越性,有利于提高数字化资料分析的精度.在进一步保证蒙城地震台观测资料的完整性和提高全频带数字化测震观测质量的同时,为蒙城地球物理野外观测研究站的科学研究提供有力数据支持.     

Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China, 1986–2013

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of fluid displacement pattern on complex electrical impedance in Berea sandstone over frequency range 104–106 Hz

To better understand the effect of fluid distribution on the electric response of rocks saturated with oil and brine, we conducted experimental studies on the complex electrical impedance in a Berea sandstone, together with in situ acquisitions of oil distribution images employing a high‐resolution medical X‐ray computed tomography. We performed two tests of brine displacement by oil under high (10 MPa) and low (5 MPa) pressures, which were accompanied by fingering and stable displacement patterns, respectively. The measured complex impedance data were fitted to the Cole model to obtain the resistance, capacitance, peak frequency of the imaginary impedance, and the exponent α of the rock–fluid system. With increasing oil saturation, the resistance showed an increasing trend, whereas the other three parameters decreased. The fingering displacement exhibited lower resistance and capacitance than the stable displacement. The analysis of the resistance changes using a simple parallel connection model indicates that there are more components of residual brine in parallel connections in the fingering pattern than in the stable displacement pattern at the same saturation. We also interpreted the normalised changes in the capacitance (or apparent dielectric constant) with respect to the oil saturation via an analysis of the shape factor of fluid distribution based on the Maxwell–Wagner–Brugermann–Hanai model. The changes in the shape factor suggest that the pinch‐off of the brine in parallel connection by the oil is a dominant mechanism reducing the capacitance. In the stable displacement, most of the connections in the brine phase are immediately pinched off by oil displacement front at a local oil saturation of 65%. Conversely, in the fingering displacement, there is a transition from the bulk or layered brine to the pinched‐off at a local oil saturation below 60%. The analyses indicate that the difference in the fluid distribution under different fluid conditions is responsible for the non‐Archie behaviour.     

中线调水前汉江中下游水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势分析

为研究南水北调中线工程调水前,汉江中下游的水量和水质本底特性及变化趋势,选择汉江中下游6个水文站及4个水质观测断面,采用数理统计、Mann-Kendall检验和Spearman秩次检验法,分别从水量和水质两个方面进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)对比分析历史长序列流量资料,1999~2013年间汉江中下游地区处于偏枯期;(2)汉江中下游水量的年际变化较大,极值比介于2.7~3.3之间。水量年内各月分配变化也较大,汛期径流量占全年的63%~66%,非汛期仅占全年的34%~37%;(3)汉江中下游地区各水文测站的年均流量序列,总体上随时间变化的趋势均不显著,但经历了1980~1990的偏丰期及1990~2013的偏枯期;(4)汉江中下游地区的水质达标情况较好,大部分年份的水质均优于III类水质标准,且水质无显著的变化趋势。     

北京市大气PM2.5中多溴联苯醚污染水平与来源分析

2008年1月、9月和10月在北京城区5个采样点共采集9个大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品。遵循US EPA-1614方法,采用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/MS)联用技术,测定了大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品中14种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的质量浓度,研究了北京市城区大气颗粒物PM_2.5中多溴联苯醚的污染水平、分布特征及来源。结果表明: 9个大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品中PBDEs的质量浓度范围为2.82~57.94 pg/m³,平均值为15.67 pg/m³,BDE-209的质量浓度为0.34~7.32 pg/m³,PM_2.5样品中PBDEs的质量浓度冬季高于秋季;高溴代联苯醚在颗粒物中的含量高,低溴代联苯醚的含量低;交通源对大气颗粒物PM_2.5中PBDEs的污染贡献值很小,工业污染源贡献大于交通源,从含有溴代阻燃剂的物品释放到大气中的PBDEs对大气颗粒物PM_2.5中PBDEs的污染贡献值最大。