矿产勘查地球化学:过去的成就与未来的挑战

勘查地球化学经过 70年的发展 ,已从矿产勘查从属地位的一种战术手段上升到能左右整个矿产勘查全局的战略地位 ,并且从一门经验或技术 ,发展成为一门地学分支科学。这主要表现在 (1)系统地建立了各种类型的地球化学分散模式 ,并根据这些分散模式所形成的地球化学异常去追踪和发现矿床的理论 ;(2 )发展了各种尺度和各种不同介质的地球化学采样方法 ,多元素高灵敏分析方法和数据处理与图件表达方法 ;(3)发展了不同尺度 (局部、区域、国家和全球 )地球化学填图理论 ,一些国家开始陆续完成和出版了区域性或国家性地球化学图 ;(4 )在全世界发现了一大批新的矿产地 ,包括从 2 0世纪 30年代一直延续到 70年代在前苏联、北美和南美发现的许多斑岩铜矿 ,70年代在北美发现许多铀矿 ,80年代开始在中国发现数百个金矿。勘查地球化学尽管取得了从理论到实践的很大成功 ,但它也面临如下的挑战 :(1)全球各种介质中的地球化学基准与全球地球化学填图 ,(2 )隐伏区三维地球化学分散模式、深穿透地球化学与隐伏区矿产勘查 ,(3)巨量金属的聚集机理、地球化学块体与大型矿集区或巨型矿床的定量评价 ,(4 )难识别矿种或难识别类型的地球化学勘查与评价方法。     

新世纪地球科学视野中的新技术和新方法

评价和区分大型矿床 ,一直是近年矿产勘查活动的焦点。最新研究表明 ,大型、巨型矿床与一般矿床的主要并可以量化的区别 ,在于大型、巨型矿床有着巨量的成矿元素供应与聚集。这种巨量的成矿元素供应 ,不是传统意义上元素的全量 ,而是能被成矿过程所利用的活动态分量。文中提出了基于元素立体分散模式和成矿可利用金属分量评价和区分矿床规模的一种定量地球化学模型和方法。     

单点地震技术在浅覆盖区区域地质调查中的应用研究

以阿龙山地区森林浅覆盖区1：25万地质调查为基础，介绍了单点地震方法的仪器与数据采集及处理，并结合利用探槽和岩石露头所得的基岩地质剖面图，对比分析了两种方法的处理结果。单点地震技术具有野外数据采集速度快，使用检波器数量少，仪器轻便，实时观测地质体弹性波变化规律和无需复杂的数据处理等优点；与槽探调查相结合，可快速探测覆盖层厚度、基岩起伏形态、岩性接触带和接触关系。     

模糊综合评价-聚类复合模型在地下水质评价与分区中的应用

模糊综合评价法的评价结果具有模糊性，简单依据最大隶属度原则确定评价结果存在不足，笔者提出了模糊综合评价与模糊聚类分析相结合进行地下水质评价与分区的复合模型，并以MATLAB为平台开发了模型计算的常用函数。尝试将模型应用于抚州市地下水环境质量评价与分区，取得良好结果。     

黄土中蜗牛壳Mn^2＋的EPR研究及其古气候意义

对黄土高原陕西省洛川和甘肃省西峰剖面中黄土－古土壤层中的蜗牛壳进行了EPR波谱分析，同时对洛川地区的现代蜗牛壳也进行了测定。结果显示：（1）不同种类的蜗牛壳具有相近的EPR信号强度，表明不同种类的蜗牛对Mn^2+的吸收没有差异性。（2）黄土层中蜗牛壳的EPR信号强度远大于占土壤中的，即黄土中蜗牛壳所含的Mn^2+远大于古土壤中的蜗牛壳的Mn^2+的含量，说明前者生活在比较还原的条件下，后者形成环境的氧化性较高。因此本认为为蜗牛壳中Mn^2+的含量可反映其生长环境中Mn^2+的含量和氧化还原条件，对古气候的重建具有重要意义。     

大别山碧溪岭榴辉岩的K-Ca同位素定年:多硅白云母含过剩氩的新证据

40K可以进行分支衰变成40 Ar和40 Ca。在正常情况下 ,这对40 K 40 Ar或3 9Ar 40 Ar年龄与40 K 40 Ca年龄在误差范围内应该一致。测定了国家钾标样的含量、国家钾长石 (W 0 3116 )和球团矿 (W 72 0 0 )的钾钙含量、国内K Ar法标准矿物黑云母 (ZBH 2 5 )和角闪石 (ZBJ)的钾钙含量以及Tachiti标样的 (40 Ca/42 Ca)比值和含量 ,结果实测值与标称值在误差范围内一致。对大别山碧溪岭超高压变质榴辉岩的多硅白云母、绿辉石和石榴子石进行了 (40 Ca/42 Ca)和 (40 K/42 Ca)的测定。由15组数据构成的等时线斜率S =0 .12 0 8± 0 .0 4 2 3,相应的K Ca年龄为 2 2 8± 75Ma。然而多硅白云母和绿辉石的3 9Ar 40 Ar等时线年龄分别为 80 7.1± 32 .6Ma和 4 5 6 .7± 2 7.2Ma ,在误差范围内明显地高于40 K 40 Ca等时线年龄 ,这给出了前者存在过剩氩的直接证椐。此外 ,K Ca等时线的初始值 (40 Ca/42 Ca) i 为 15 1.4 2 4± 0 .0 13,相应的 ξCa为 +2 7。由于地幔岩的 ξCa≈ 0 ,所以前者表明榴辉岩的原岩具有典型的大陆地壳性质 ,这为大别山超高压变质岩体是由大陆物质俯冲至上地幔的深度 ,然后折返至大陆的形成过程提出了又一个判据     

弹性波逆时偏移及其成像条件

从弹性波动方程出发,推导了二维各向同性介质情况下弹性波逆时传播的高阶差分格式,实现了弹性波在数值空间中的逆时延拓。从程函方程出发,采用逆时差分格式求取网格空间中各点的直达波旅行时,以此作为弹性波逆时偏移的成像条件(激发时间成像条件),实现多波多分量资料的逆时偏移。文中给出了几个典型模型的理论记录的偏移结果,数值试验表明,逆时偏移能够使地表接收到的波场准确归位,提高资料处理的精度。     

In situ trace metal speciation in a eutrophic lake using the technique of diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT)

We evaluated the application of DGT (diffusion gradients in thin films) as a tool to determine Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and Mn concentrations and speciation in a hardwater eutrophic lake. This technique was used in situ during six sampling periods over one year in Lake Greifen. The DGT-labile species of Cu and Ni amounted to 15-25% of the total dissolved concentrations. Speciation by ligand-exchange/DPCSV indicated that Cu and Ni were predominantly organically complexed (>99%). Thus, the DGT-labile species for Cu and Ni were much more abundant than the free ionic and inorganic species determined by ligand-exchange/DPCSV. The results can be explained by incomplete metal exchange of very strong complexes with the chelating resin in the DGT devices, metal exchange of less abundant weaker complexes, and by slow diffusion of exchangeable organic complexes. For Zn (36 to >90% DGT-labile) and Mn (50 to 100% DGT-labile), the results indicated that these metals are less strongly organically complexed. A larger fraction of Zn occurred in DGT-labile species in the hypolimnion than it did in the surface water, probably due to a larger concentration of strong ligands in the productive surface water. DGT-labile Cd- (0.01-0.02 nM) and Pb-species (0.03-0.06 nM) were detected at very low levels. The combination of measurements of dissolved and DGT-labile species showed a decrease of Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn concentration at 2.5 m from June to August, which was probably linked to intensive sedimentation of organic matter during summer stagnation. Mixing and oxygenation of the lake in winter-spring led to an increase in dissolved and DGT-labile Ni, Zn and Cd, whereas Mn decreased in the hypolimnion.     

Sedimentary records of environmental evolution in the Sanmen Lake Basin and the Yellow River running through the Sanmenxia Gorge eastward into the sea

A series of independent faulted basins developed in the present middle reaches of the Yellow River during late Cenozoic, among which the Sanmen Lake Basin is located in the east edge of the Loess Plateau, a transitional zone between the second and third macromorphological step of China. The thick strata of the Sanmen Group deposited in the large basin. The Sanmen Group is a perfect place for the study on paleoenvironmental change, tectono-climatic cycles as well as the formation and evolution of the Yellow River. In this paper, the paleoenvironmental changes, regional tectonic movement and the evolutionary process of the Sanmen Lake Basin during the past 5 Ma were reconstructed based on the analysis of paleomagnetic stratigraphy, pollen, TOC and carbonate content from the Huangdigou outcrop near the Sanmenxia Reservoir, Pinglu County, Shanxi Province. The sedimentary records from the outcrop indicate that the basin was first formated by fault activity at about 5.4 MaBP, and after the strong tectonic movement at 3.6 MaBP the lake enlarged and the rainfall of summer monsoon increased. There was no great climatic transition near 2.6 MaBP, corresponding to the bottom age of loess in the Loess Plateau. After Olduvai event (about 1.77 MaBP) the Picea and Abies were presented in the sediments, which indicates a colder climate. The tectonic movement at 1.2 MaBP caused the light angular discordance between the upper and lower Sanmen Group. The sedimentary records show a cold and wet climate during the prosperous periods of loess accumulation such as L15, L9, L6. The tectonic intensification periods of the Sanmen Basin correspond with the tectonic movements in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau chronologically. The earliest age of the outflow from the Paleo-Sanmen Lake or the partly cutting off of the Sanmenxia Gorge was about 0.41- 0.35 MaBP. The age of cutting thoroughly the Sanmenxia Gorge by the Yellow River and the disappearance of the Paleo-Sanmen Lake was about 0.15 MaBP, which symbolized the formation of the present Yellow River and had an important influence on the environmental and morphological evolution in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.     

试论黑龙江省地质环境的保护

首先在引言中提出了地质环境的涵义，并回顾了人类对地质环境的认识和保护的历史，分析了当前地质环境保护的重要性和紧迫性。接着研究了黑龙江省在地质环境保护中所存在的一系列问题，最后具体提出了地质环境保护的措施和对策。期望有关部门和领导的地质环境的保护和管理工作能提供一个典型实例及一种积极的探索经验。同时还具有现实意义和历史意义。