过去60年来南极冰盖近地面气温时空变化研究

如何将十分有限的器测资料和再分析资料有机联系起来,充分借助它们各自的优势,分析南极冰盖气温时空变化具有重要意义。以CFSR（the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis）、ERA5（the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Fifth-generation Reanalysis）和MERRA-2（the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications,version 2）再分析资料分别作为背景场,利用南极冰盖具有超过50年连续观测的站点气温观测资料,分别重建了1960~2019年冰盖近地面月气温时空数据集,借助于未参与重建的70个站点观测资料进行了验证分析。在此基础上,利用精度最高的重建数据集探讨了冰盖过去60年来气温时空变化特征。精度验证结果表明：基于ERA5重建的月气温数据集精度最高,相关系数为0.70,均方根误差为0.49℃。1960~2019年,南极半岛和西南极冰盖呈现显著增温趋势,而且显著变暖延伸到60°~180°E的东南极内陆大部分区域。全球变暖停滞事件在南极半岛和西南极冰盖发生,且增温减缓程度更明显：1999~2019年间年和春季平均气温均呈明显降低趋势。1960~1998年,整个东南极冰盖气温没有显著变化,但是1999~2019年东南极冰盖内陆较大区域呈现了显著变暖趋势。这些结果有助于增进对不同时间尺度南极冰盖气温变化区域差异性的理解。

     

鲁西地块中、新生界裂缝发育特征及构造应力场分析

鲁西地块是华北克拉通东部重要的构造单元,经历了多期构造演化,裂缝十分发育,是研究裂缝的有利场所。通过野外地质观测和室内研究,对鲁西地块部分地区的裂缝的产状、类型、开度、间距、填充物等参数进行了统计分析,得出裂缝优势方向主要为NNW向、SEE向、NEE向、NE向和NW向。在野外分期配套的基础上,结合区域构造应力场,用过滤法对鲁西地块中、新生界的裂缝进行了分期配套,初步分为NNW和SEE向,NNW和NEE向,NNW、NE、NWW和NEE向3期,并分别指示了早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世、古新世至始新世早期、始新世中期至渐新世区域构造应力场。     

巽他大陆及其邻区的地壳结构及其构造意义: 来自远震接收函数的约束

巽他大陆位于欧亚板块、印度-澳大利亚板块和太平洋板块俯冲汇聚区域,其地壳结构特征是揭示洋陆过渡带演化及物质能量交换机制的重要依据.本文对巽他大陆及其周缘19个宽频带地震台站记录的远震波形进行P波接收函数分析和H-κ叠加处理,获取了每个台站下方的地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比信息.为了减少参数的主观选择对结果带来的不确定性,研究采用了多种参数组合、综合约束策略.将本文结果与前人146个宽频带台站接收函数的研究结果进行整合,我们获得了巽他大陆地区地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比分布,并统计分析了两者的相关性.结果显示：巽他大陆地壳总体较薄,平均地壳厚度约为32 km,远低于全球造山带平均值,而与全球拉张型地壳平均厚度较为接近,可能反映研究区地壳整体处于拉张应力状态;而呵叻高原盆地地区地壳相对较厚,平均约38 km,与周缘地区明显不同.火山弧地区平均地壳波速比普遍大于1.81,甚至达1.87以上,并且壳内广泛分布低速层,可能受到了火山弧地区熔融物质的影响;非火山弧地区平均地壳波速比则普遍小于1.76,反映地壳组分以长英质成分为主;局部地区高于1.81,甚至高达1.99,表明地壳以铁镁质成分为主或存在部分熔融,可能与铁镁质岩浆底侵作用或地幔热物质上涌有关.中南半岛中西部、婆罗洲西北部和马来半岛中部莫霍面Ps转换波和多次波不明显而且具有多峰特征,可能表明该区域经历了复杂的壳幔相互作用.巽他大陆地区地壳厚度和平均地壳波速比总体无明显相关性,说明上地壳和下地壳结构和成分横向变化复杂;但中南半岛内部呵叻高原附近和东南部火山区两者均呈负相关性,与周围地区明显不同.综合区域构造背景和其他多种地球物理观测,推测稳定的呵叻高原盆地阻挡了印支地块的侧向挤出,处于挤压应力环境并发生上地壳增厚;而东南部火山区则处于拉张应力环境并存在基性岩浆底侵,可能与地幔物质上涌有关.

     

聊城市农村宅基用地情况调查

农村居民点用地是非农业建设用地的重要组成部分,加强农村居民点用地管理,对稳定耕地面积,实现耕地总量动态平衡有着十分重要的意义。为了更全面地了解农村宅基用地的现状、存在的问题,寻求解决问胚的途径,聊城市国土资源局分别对莘县、茌平、东阿、东昌府区4个县（区）有代表性的12个村庄的农村宅基用地问题进行了调研。     

西藏洞错晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩: 岩石圈拆沉的产物

班公湖-怒江缝合带是国内外备受关注的特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,可为恢复和反演特提斯洋构造演化提供重要依据。对南羌塘地块南缘洞错地区晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩进行了详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素研究结果显示,该花岗闪长斑岩形成时代为74.1±1.1 Ma,εHf（t）值为4.5~6.9。全岩地球化学特征显示,其为高钾钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具弱负Eu异常;富集Rb、Th、U、K和Pb,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、P和Ti。该花岗闪长斑岩为加厚新生下地壳部分熔融的产物。在综合区域最新研究成果的基础上,认为该花岗闪长斑岩形成于后碰撞环境,为班公湖-怒江洋闭合后岩石圈拆沉的产物。     

四川九寨黄龙机场高填方地基变形三维动力分析

四川九寨黄龙机场具有高填方、高地震烈度、高海拔等三高的特点,高填方体地基在地震作用下的动力稳定与变形问题成为该机场需着重考虑的主要工程地质问题之一。在对目前各种动力分析方法研究的基础上,选用快速拉格郎日差分分析(FLAC)程序,对该机场元山子沟段高填方地基在地震作用下的变形规律进行了系统地研究,获得了一些有实际意义的认识。     

Semi‐analytical solution to one‐dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loading

This paper presents semi‐analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan's one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore‐water and pore‐air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. The pore‐water pressure, pore‐air pressure and settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump's method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi‐analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solutions are more general and have a good agreement with the existing solutions from literatures. Furthermore, the current solutions can also be degenerated into conventional solutions to one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with homogeneous boundaries. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to illustrate consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils under four types of time‐dependent loadings, including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, exponential loading and sinusoidal loading. Parametric studies are illustrated by variations of pore‐air pressure, pore‐water pressure and settlement at different values of the ratio of air–water permeability coefficient, depth and loading parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computational model coupling mode II discrete fracture propagation with continuum damage zone evolution

We propose a numerical method that couples a cohesive zone model (CZM) and a finite element‐based continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model. The CZM represents a mode II macro‐fracture, and CDM finite elements (FE) represent the damage zone of the CZM. The coupled CZM/CDM model can capture the flow of energy that takes place between the bulk material that forms the matrix and the macroscopic fracture surfaces. The CDM model, which does not account for micro‐crack interaction, is calibrated against triaxial compression tests performed on Bakken shale, so as to reproduce the stress/strain curve before the failure peak. Based on a comparison with Kachanov's micro‐mechanical model, we confirm that the critical micro‐crack density value equal to 0.3 reflects the point at which crack interaction cannot be neglected. The CZM is assigned a pure mode II cohesive law that accounts for the dependence of the shear strength and energy release rate on confining pressure. The cohesive shear strength of the CZM is calibrated by calculating the shear stress necessary to reach a CDM damage of 0.3 during a direct shear test. We find that the shear cohesive strength of the CZM depends linearly on the confining pressure. Triaxial compression tests are simulated, in which the shale sample is modeled as an FE CDM continuum that contains a predefined thin cohesive zone representing the idealized shear fracture plane. The shear energy release rate of the CZM is fitted in order to match to the post‐peak stress/strain curves obtained during experimental tests performed on Bakken shale. We find that the energy release rate depends linearly on the shear cohesive strength. We then use the calibrated shale rheology to simulate the propagation of a meter‐scale mode II fracture. Under low confining pressure, the macroscopic crack (CZM) and its damaged zone (CDM) propagate simultaneously (i.e., during the same loading increments). Under high confining pressure, the fracture propagates in slip‐friction, that is, the debonding of the cohesive zone alternates with the propagation of continuum damage. The computational method is applicable to a range of geological injection problems including hydraulic fracturing and fluid storage and should be further enhanced by the addition of mode I and mixed mode (I+II+III) propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.