Measuring global energy-related sulfur oxides emissions embodied in trade: a multi-regional and multi-sectoral analysis

Sulfur oxides (SO_X) emissions embodied in trade (SEET) may play an important role in affecting national responsibilities toward pollutant emission reduction within the context of global greenhouse gas emission policy. This paper analyzes the change of the SEET associated with energy consumption from the perspective of a country and a sector between 1995 and 2011, exploring the evolution characteristic of the sources and flows of the SEET for 39 countries, as well as measuring the production-based and consumption-based global SO_X emissions’ inventory and investigating the impact of international trade on the allocation of national pollutant emissions’ reduction obligations. One important finding is that the volume of SO_X emissions embodied in global trade increased dramatically from 1995 to 2011, and the global SO_X emissions stemming from anthropogenic energy consumption are mostly from China and the USA. Another important finding is that, referring to specific sectors, whether seen from the total SEET or from the sources of SEET or from the total SO_X emissions occurring from economic consumption and production, energy sectors, like electricity, gas, and water supply and coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel, are the main contributors to the increase in the global SO_X emissions. Notably, however, our results show that the sector of agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing should be allocated more SO_X emission reduction responsibilities under a consumption-based emissions’ accounting inventory.

     

Genesis of the Xiuwenghala Gold Deposit in the Beishan Orogen,Northwest China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and H–O–S–Pb Isotopes

The Xiuwenghala gold deposit is located in the Beishan Orogen of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The vein/lenticular gold orebodies are controlled by Northeast‐trending faults and are hosted mainly in the brecciated/altered tuff and rhyolite porphyry of the Lower Carboniferous Baishan Formation. Metallic minerals include mainly pyrite and minor chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, and sphalerite, whilst nonmetallic minerals include quartz, chalcedony, sericite, chlorite, and calcite. Hydrothermal alterations consist of silicic, sericite, chlorite, and carbonate. Alteration/mineralization processes comprise three stages: pre‐ore silicic alteration (Stage I), syn‐ore quartz‐chalcedony‐polymetallic sulfide mineralization (Stage II), and post‐ore quartz‐calcite veining (Stage III). Fluid inclusions (FIs) in quartz and calcite are dominated by L‐type with minor V‐type and lack any daughter mineral‐bearing or CO₂‐rich/‐bearing inclusions. From Stages I to III, the FIs homogenized at 240–260°C, 220–250°C, and 150–190°C, with corresponding salinities of 2.9–10.9, 3.2–11.1, and 2.9–11.9 wt.% NaCl eqv., respectively. The mineralization depth at Xiuwenghala is estimated to be relatively shallow (<1 km). FI results indicate that the ore‐forming fluids belong to a low to medium‐temperature, low‐salinity, and low‐density NaCl‐H₂O system. The values decrease from Stage I to III (3.7‰, 1.7–2.4‰, and ?1.7 to 0.9‰, respectively), and a similar trend is found for their values (?104 to ?90‰, ?126 to ?86‰, and ?130 to ?106‰, respectively). This indicates that the fluid source gradually evolved from magmatic to meteoric. δ³⁴S values of the hydrothermal pyrites (?3.0 to 0.0‰; avg. ?1.1‰) resemble those of typical magmatic/mantle‐derived sulfides. Pyrite Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.409–18.767, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.600–15.715, ²⁰⁸Pb^/204Pb = 38.173–38.654) are similar to those of the (sub)volcanic ore host, indicating that the origin of ore‐forming material was mainly the upper crustal (sub)volcanic rocks. Integrating evidence from geology, FIs, and H–O–S–Pb isotopes, we suggest that Xiuwenghala is best classified as a low‐sulfidation epithermal gold deposit.     

雄安新区蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储特征、主控因素及有利区预测*

雄安新区蓟县系雾迷山组中赋存丰富的地热资源,研究雾迷山组岩溶热储特征及优质储集层发育的主控因素是地热资源勘探的基础。综合运用野外剖面、岩心、薄片、钻井、测井、录井等地质与地球物理资料,对雾迷山组岩溶热储特征和演化过程进行了深入研究,明确了优质储集层形成的控制因素,预测了有利靶区。结果表明,雾迷山组岩溶热储主要岩性为晶粒白云岩、颗粒白云岩、微生物白云岩、硅质白云岩和角砾白云岩等,溶蚀孔洞、裂缝及其组合为主要的储集空间类型。雾迷山组热储平均孔隙度为3.18%,平均渗透率为91.48×10^-3 μm²;其中角砾白云岩物性最好。雾迷山组岩溶热储经历了沉积—准同生期成孔(雾迷山沉积期)、Ⅰ期表生增孔(雾迷山沉积期后至青白口纪前)、Ⅰ期埋藏减孔(青白口纪前至三叠纪)、Ⅱ期表生增孔(三叠纪—古近纪)、Ⅱ期埋藏减孔(新近纪—第四纪)5个阶段,岩性及岩相、成岩作用和构造应力是雾迷山组有利热储形成的主控因素。藻云坪—云坪相、表生岩溶、埋藏溶蚀、准同生岩溶、岩溶高地—斜坡和地层裂缝段比率大于0.4的6项叠合区是研究区最有利的岩溶热储发育区。     

Quasi-hydrostatic compression of ruby to 500 Kbar

Measurements of the cell parameters of ruby to 500 Kbar under quasi-hydrostatic conditions in a diamond-anvil cell show a practically isotropic compression, the ratio c/a of the hexagonal cell parameters remaining constant. These results are consistent with previous single-crystal measurements below 100 Kbar as well as with ultrasonic elastic-constant measurements. There is no evidence for significant differences between the bulk moduli of ruby and corundum, and a review of compression and ultrasonic data yield Ko = 2.53±0.01 Mbar and Ko = 5.0 ± 0.4. Good agreement with the experimental values is found for compressions calculated from empirically or theoretically determined elastic properties.     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region——A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content ofthe leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower thanthat of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and thecarotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20%lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colourspots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than thebackground value: the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopyon images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the backgroundvalues. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, whichdisinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of goldbiogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system,and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically andaccurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

淅川石煤钒矿提取技术的研究

石煤提钒技术关键是钒的氧化和转化。浙川石煤中钒主要有V~(3+)和V~(4+)形式存在,以类质同象取代粘土矿物二八面体中Al~(3+)。钒的价态分布研究表明,低温时有机质和黄铁矿决定了钒的价态,在370℃(风化样)或490℃(原样)V~(3+)全部氧化至V~(4+);高于800℃V~(4+)不再氧化至V~(5+),反应处于动态平衡,此时ηV~(5+)达91％。同时讨论了氯化钠在提钒过程中的氧化和转化作用,石煤钠盐氧化焙烧提钒的最佳条件:矿:盐=100:15,800℃,30分钟,η_培为67.4％。实验表明,焙烧气氛对钒转化有很大影响,氧化—氯化焙烧技术提高η_培6％。     

有机地球化学方法在煤层对比中的应用

利用有机地化方法解决宁夏灵武煤田延安组煤层对比的研究表明:区内2、6、7、14、17煤的某些有机地化参数,如氯仿沥青“A”含量、氢指数、产烃潜量、正烷烃碳数分布和烷基菲构成均存在明显差异,这取决于煤层沉积环境、煤化作用程度和有机母质类型。有可能依据这些参数,使煤层本身成为对比的标志层。      

中新世黄河水系演化重建：来自钾长石Pb同位素的约束

自剥蚀地貌中形成的剥蚀产物搬运到沉积区或汇水盆地沉积下来的过程,称为“源-汇”系统。从这些“汇”中识别“源”的信息,结合地层的沉积时代,约束黄河的形成时代、水系格局演化、流域内构造运动以及环境变迁成为黄河水系演化研究的重要内容。然而,时至今日学者们对黄河何时出现的认识并不一致,存在“中新世内流黄河和中新世外流黄河”之争。为了解决这些争议,我们运用大河物源示踪研究中新兴的碎屑钾长石Pb同位素方法,对黄河中下游沉积物开展碎屑钾长石Pb同位素分析(n=378),将其与长江中下游和华夏板块已报道的碎屑和基岩钾长石Pb同位素结果进行对比,结果表明三者之间的钾长石Pb同位素组成明显不同。台湾岛是中国东部陆架海中新世地层出露最齐全的地区。因而,我们将黄河中下游与台湾岛中新统的钾长石Pb同位素比值进行对比,结果表明二者之间不存在物源联系。结合中国东部渤海湾盆地、南黄海盆地和东海盆地中新统的物源示踪研究结果,说明黄河物质在中新世未流入上述盆地。总体而言,中国北方中新世的构造活动控制了黄河的演化过程,导致其此时处于分段演化阶段。     

北秦岭地区三叠纪南召盆地演化及成因机制探讨

秦岭造山带作为中国中央造山带的重要组成部分,还原其复杂、漫长的演化历史始终是地质科学的研究焦点,也是亟待解决的关键科学问题。前人从构造地质学、变质岩石学等方面展开了丰富的讨论,但始终缺乏造山带内同沉积记录的精细研究。南召盆地作为北秦岭造山带唯一保存的三叠纪的地层,为研究秦岭造山带印支期的构造环境提供了最直接可靠的证据。因此本文基于精细的地质图分析,野外地质观察,利用盆地构造沉降和构造年代格架的分析方法,系统研究三叠纪南召盆地的沉积充填和沉降特征,总结出南召盆地的伸展裂陷沉积序列：底部砾岩向上迅速水体加深,形成以灰黑色页岩为主的深湖相,随后向上变为以黄褐色砂岩夹灰黑色泥岩为特征的湖泊三角洲—辫状河相;明确了快速—缓慢沉降的伸展型盆地沉降特征;厘定了南召地区的8个主要不整合面,其中,中-上三叠统太山庙组的底部为一个763~121.9 Ma的穿时不整合面;确定了南召盆地4期主要演化阶段。研究表明：南召盆地是一个伸展裂陷盆地,形成于加里东运动、印支运动共同作用产生的造山带复合基底之上,发育于印支期北秦岭造山带两次重要隆升事件之间,代表晚三叠世卡尼阶的北秦岭造山带构造活动的暂停。