垃圾体内部与衬里界面组合破坏稳定分析方法研究

垃圾填埋场沿底坡和背坡衬里界面发生平移破坏的工程实例较多,也有破坏面沿垃圾体内部和底坡的组合破坏形式,相应的计算分析方法有待完善。对组合破坏,根据垃圾体内部破坏面为库仑主动破坏面和组合破坏面上各点安全系数相同的假设,由刚体极限平衡条件,建立组合破坏的稳定计算方法。运用双楔体和组合破坏稳定分析方法对算例和Kettleman Hills填埋场工程实例进行计算分析。结果表明：双楔体法计算得到的最危险平移滑动破坏安全系数大于组合破坏最小安全系数;最危险破坏面是组合破坏面;对Kettleman Hills填埋场,组合滑动面也是可能的滑动破坏面。由此可见,组合破坏是垃圾填埋场可能的破坏形式之一,在进行垃圾填埋体滑动稳定分析计算时应进行组合破坏形式的计算分析。     

石家庄近地表降尘重金属的分布特征及来源分析

系统采集了石家庄市区范围近地表降尘并分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn重金属元素的含量,通过元素含量统计分析,发现它们存在较大的变异性,表明重金属含量的空间分布极不均匀。应用地统计模块中的Kriging空间插值分析方法和成图分析,可以看出市区内As、Cd、Cr、Cu呈大面积高值分布,Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn多呈点状污染分布。利用主成分因子分析和重金属元素源指示分析,认为石家庄市区近地表降尘重金属的主要贡献源以燃煤和交通为主。这为全面了解石家庄市区的空气质量状况并为该市大气环境污染治理、城市规划提供了重要依据。     

Heavy Oils and Oil Sands: Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Gl obal recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show: (1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy-oil basins and 32 oil-sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins. (2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs. (3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults. (4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy-oil development.     

Geochronology and Chemistry of the Ophiolite in the Southern Tianshan,Uzbekistan

The ophiolite in the southern Tianshan, Uzbekistan, is interrupted distributed along the northern border (NW‐trending) of the Nuratau Mountain. It's the suture zone between kyzylkum‐Alai and Kazakhstan paleo‐continents. In order to study the tectonic evolution of the Turkestan ocean during the Paleozoic, we present zircon U‐Pb ages, major element, trace element data for rocks from the ophiolite in the Nuratau segment. The ophiolite comprises the rock blocks of serpentinite, altered basalt, allalinite, altered diabase, pillowed basalt, limestone, etc and the matrix of quartz schist, forming the grid structure. The matrix suffers strong deformation and deterioration, while the mylonitization occurred in the western outcrop. New LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb ages were determined for six magmatic rock blocks and two quartz schist matrix and these ages confirm the presence of Late Devonian‐Early Permian (ca. 411 to 294 Ma). Five zircon grains from greenschist facies metamorphic basic rock yielded a group minimum weighted mean age of 226 Ma, interpreted as the result of Late Triassic thermal event. The apex of zircon ages for 2 quartz schist is about 450 Ma (Late Ordovician). That indicates sedimentary material from the Late Ordovician. The basalt (SiO2=48.15‐49.93%) are Na‐enriched (average Na2O=2.32‐4.02%), with high HREE/LREE ratios (average=4.93), Weak positive anomalies (average Eu*/Eu=1.02) and convex‐type mantle‐normalized immobile trace elements patterns, which are similar to the geochemical characteristics of Alkaline Ocean island basalt (OIB) and subalkaline Oceanic plateau basalt (OPB). This ophiolite is characterized by Mantle (serpentinite) and Ocean crust (altered basalt, allalinite, pillowed basalt), formed in Early Devonian at the latest. During the evolution of the Turkestan ocean, the growth of OIB and OPB, Ordovician provided a large amount of sedimentary material. The earliest start time of the ocean closed and paleo‐continents assembly is the Early Permian. Afterward, a Late Triassic thermal event occurred on a region scale and is recorded by metamorphic zircon.     

青岛城市主要断裂构造特征以及对城市地质环境的影响

本论文以青岛城市地质环境监测为目标,通过野外地质观察和地质制图,从城市整体范围概述青岛城市主要断裂构造特征以及断裂构造对青岛城市地质环境的影响.上述研究对青岛城市地质环境监测和城市规划具有重要意义.     

复杂应力条件下长江口原状饱和软黏土门槛循环应力比试验研究

针对取自于长江口的海洋原状饱和软黏土,利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在控制不同初始固结参数的三向非均等固结状态和不排水条件下,分别进行了轴向和扭转双向耦合循环剪切以及循环扭剪等多种复杂循环剪切试验。分别研究了初始大主应力方向角、初始偏应力比、初始中主应力系数以及循环剪切应力模式等因素对门槛循环应力比的影响。试验结果表明,在三向非均等固结条件下,初始大主应力方向角、初始偏应力比对门槛循环应力比影响显著,门槛循环应力比随着初始大主应力方向角与初始偏应力比的增大而明显减小;而初始中主应力系数对门槛循环应力比基本没有影响。循环剪切应力模式对门槛循环应力比具有显著影响,在相同的初始固结应力条件下,循环耦合剪切试验确定的门槛循环应力比明显小于循环扭剪试验所确定的门槛循环应力比。     

土石坝拟静力抗震稳定分析的强度折减有限元法

基于拟静力抗震设计概念,提出利用强度折减有限单元法分析土石坝的抗震稳定性,给出了两种确定地震惯性力的方法：（1）依据《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》[1],并结合有关土石坝动态分布系数计算了沿坝高分布的地震惯性力;（2）直接利用土石坝有限元地震动力反应分析得到的单元节点加速度反应,依据建议的方法确定坝体各单元节点的地震惯性力。将上述计算确定的地震惯性力与其他形式的外荷载共同作用到土石坝上,采用强度折减有限元法确定土石坝坝体的拟静力抗震安全系数。对于稳定渗流期,水位降落期等不同工况,或需要考虑振动孔隙水压力作用的饱和无黏性土填筑坝等不同计算条件,给出了使用折减强度有限元法分析坝体抗震稳定性的实现途径和方法。研究表明,有限元法对边界条件、复杂断面条件和材料分区及荷载组合均具有较强的适应能力,因此,使用有限元法分析土石坝抗震稳定性具有显著的优越性。     

北京平原第四纪下限问题研究

本文首先回顾了北京平原区第四纪下限的研究历史,指出迄今为止在这一领域存在的问题。根据我国目前的研究进展和北京地区研究现状,按照全国地层委员会的相关标准和要求,确定了划分第四纪下限的5大原则。北京平原区第四系沉积特征复杂,根据多年资料和研究结果,我们提出了划分该界限的方法。广大的北京平原区,不具备完整的第四系剖面露头,生物地层方法划分存在困难;古地麟、热释光及孢粉地质测试为准确定位这一界限提供了可能。对平原区的钻孔而言,笔者发现以古地麟测试结合孢粉分析、岩性特征、地球物理测井以及地球化学测试（碳酸钙分析）等综合手段确定这一界限的证据更有说服力,新5孔应用效果较好。     

中国页岩气开发的实质性突破

页岩气是指吸附在页岩中的天然气或自生自储在页岩纳米孔隙中连续聚集的天然气.新世纪以来,美国发生的页岩气革命影响了世界油气资源格局;中国的非常规油气储存量非常可观,是世界上具有页岩气可采储量最大的国家;但页岩气地质条件、水平钻井、分段压裂等技术储备和页岩气管理经验等还面临很大挑战.近年来,中国大力推进页岩气的开发利用,中石化、中石油和延长油田三家公司在示范区块开发的成功,以及短时间内在勘探开发方面取得的技术突破,标志着中国页岩气的开发已取得了实质性突破.但中国今后是否采取页岩气开发对多元资本开放的模式,还需要进一步研讨.     

利用ABAQUS模拟NATM隧道施工过程

在分析了NATM(新奥法)施工理念的基础上,详细地说明了隧道施工中的2个关键问题：隧道开挖后洞周应力的计算和隧道的开挖施工过程。然后在此基础上,利用大型非线性有限元软件ABAQUS对隧道的施工过程进行显示模拟,从计算得到的结果可以看出,利用有限元方法可以非常清晰直观地模拟隧道的施工过程,并能计算得到相应的应力、位移等计算结果,为设计隧道和施工提供了比较合理的理论支持。