IMPACTS OF FLOOD EVENTS IN COARSE SEDIMENT-PRODUCING AREAS ON CHANNEL SILTATION AND FLUVIAL PROCESS OF THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER

The method of multiple regression is used to analyze the influences of flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas on the channel siltation and fluvial process of the lower Yellow River based on the flood events from 1950 to 1985. The results showed that the flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas carry larger amounts of sediment load and coarser particle sizes than from other source areas, which increases deposition in the lower river channel. And there exist good correlations between channel siltation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the coming water and sediment of flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas. Through these correlations, the amounts of sediment deposition in the lower river channel could be roughly estimated based on the runoff and sediment load of flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas. The sediment deposition caused the fluvial process. There exists a complex response of channel form change to the coming water and sediment load of flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas. When the sediment concentration is smaller than 200kg/m3, the ratio between wide-depth ratio after flood and wide-depth ratio before flood((B/h)a / (B/h)b) will increase with the increase of the maximum sediment concentration; when the sediment concentration is near 200kg/m3, (B/h)a / (B/h)b reaches the maximum value; and when the sediment concentration reaches the limits of hyperconcentrated flow, (B/h)a / (B/h)b will decrease with the increase of the maximum sediment concentration. Generally, flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas made channel form of the lower Yellow River deeper and narrower, but a large amount of sediment deposition simultaneously occurs. So, the impacts of flood events from the coarse sediment producing areas on the channel of the lower Yellow River are lessened.     

燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理

位于中朝板块北部的燕辽裂陷槽是中元古代板内裂解的产物。中元古代的伸展裂解构造诱发强地震。中元古代长城系（1800-1400 Ma）的串岭沟组、高于庄组及蓟县系的雾迷山组（1200 Ma）中保留有丰富的地震灾变事件记录：各种软沉积物液化变形,如液化砂岩脉; 碳酸盐岩中的泥亮晶脉、灰岩墙、液化角砾岩、水塑性变形、各种卷曲构造、环形层、层内粒序断层以及碳酸盐岩成岩初期的脆性变形。这些地震成因的变形构造与同沉积断裂相伴生。依据地震记录,中朝板块北部地区中元古代经历两次板内裂解,即1800-1400 Ma之间与1200 Ma,200 Ma的裂解导致燕辽裂陷槽的最终形成。燕辽裂陷槽中元古代的古地理格局与两次板内裂解相联系,古海盆的范围、盆地的边界、岩相带均受同时期断裂-地震控制。燕辽裂陷槽的古地理环境是一个深部物质活跃、断裂火山活动剧烈和地震频繁的构造带。     

龙门山晚三叠世软沉积物变形与印支期构造运动

龙门山地区上三叠统包括卡尼阶马鞍塘组、诺利阶小塘子组与瑞替阶须家河组。通过野外研究在小塘子组与须家河组的多个层位中首次识别出丰富的地震触发成因的软沉积物变形,包括液化变形(液化角砾岩液化滴状体、液化底劈、液化均一层等);塑性变形(卷曲变形,软布丁)以及与重力作用相关的负载、球-枕、枕状层上述软沉积物变形是龙门山地区晚三叠世构造运动的响应,它们是印支期松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块裂开、碰撞逆冲走滑伴生的地震事件的记录。通过古地震事件与沉积事件结合分析,提出龙门山地区印支期的构造运动过程为:晚三叠世中期(印支构造期中期)松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块开始裂开,古断裂走向近NS,断裂活动产生的地震于小塘子组浅海沉积中触发一系列软沉积物变形;晚三叠世晚期(印支构造期晚期)松潘-甘孜地体与上扬子板块发生陆内俯冲,地震诱发须家河组湖相沉积物变形;晚三叠世末期(印支构造期末期)松潘-甘孜地体左旋走滑逆冲于上扬子板块之上,形成松潘-甘孜山与川西前陆盆地,二者边界即现今的汶川-茂县断裂,印支期的造陆与造山伴随古地震发生。依据已识别的软沉积物液化变形位置与汶茂断裂的距离,估算出诺利阶小塘子组古地震震级约为Ms7.2;目前小塘子组液化变形记录远非距汶茂断裂最远的液化点,因而实际的古地震震级远远大于Ms7.2,应存在更强的地震事件。龙门山发生的毁灭性大地震(如2008,5,12汶川大地震Ms8)实际上于晚三叠世期间早已频繁发生,现今龙门山的活动地震带是中生代古地震带的延续。