桂西北晚古生代地层中的沉积灰岩墙研究进展

桂西北晚古生代地层中近直立的二叠纪、三叠纪沉积灰岩墙与围岩时代相差最大超过80Ma(中二叠统茅口组灰岩墙插入中泥盆统东岗岭组中)，有人推测岩墙至少切穿整个石炭系、是海底扩张造成的巨型张裂隙；有人认为它是古构造间断面上古褶皱轴面裂隙充填。但这两种认识都有无法解释的矛盾。笔者识别出沉积灰岩墙内的变形平行层理和垂直贯入层理为地震灾变事件记录，认为沉积灰岩墙是地震液化沉积物流贯入地裂缝形成，是强地震事件在软硬岩层中的不同响应。同时发现与同沉积断裂伴生的台地边缘角砾岩是震裂岩、并有同期斜坡相塌积砾屑灰岩和盆地浊积岩(夹多层玄武岩)，从而揭示右江盆地内二叠纪—早三叠世火山—构造—地震—沉积系统、并初步解释了沉积灰岩墙成因。沉积灰岩墙表明右江盆地晚古生代有多个地震活跃期，灰岩墙与围岩的时间差标志多期局域构造活动。从而质疑早石炭世一中二叠世“右江盆地为稳定碳酸盐岩台地阶段”，进一步的深入研究将可能引起地层和构造关系的重新调整，进而对右江盆地演化和全球超大陆裂解提出重要证据。     

Seismic Sequence in Carbonate Rocks By Vibrational Liquefaction

On the basis of the records of strong seismic events taking place in soft carbonate sediments, a new seismic sequence system of vibrational liquefaction is established, which consists of a series of units, such as escaped structure of micrite veins and liquefied deformation formed in the period of seismic liquefaction, land subsidence structure after liquefaction, tsunamic hummocky and turbidite produced by seismic events, This sequence is a generalization and summation of field observation in vast areas, which shows the whole process of a strong seismic event and provides an unified theoretical explanation. The pattern of the seismic sequence by vibrational liquefaction provides one of correlation standards for geologists in the field to discriminate events in carbonate sequences. Based on the pattern of seismic sequence, the authors first advance a new conception of the Palaeo-Tanlu (Tancheng-Lujiang) Zone and discuss primarily its geological significations.     

Soft-sediment Deformation in the Late Triassic and the Indosinian Tectonic Movement in Longmenshan

内容提要:龙门山地区上三叠统包括卡尼阶马鞍塘组、诺利阶小塘子组与瑞替阶须家河组.通过野外研究在小塘子组与须家河组的多个层位中首次识别出丰富的地震触发成因的软沉积物变形,包括液化变形(液化角砾岩、液化滴状体、液化底劈、液化均一层等);塑性变形(卷曲变形,软布丁)以及与重力作用相关的负载、球-枕、枕状层.上述软沉积物变形是龙门山地区晚三叠世构造运动的响应,它们是印支期松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块裂开、碰撞、逆冲走滑伴生的地震事件的记录.通过古地震事件与沉积事件结合分析,提出龙门山地区印支期的构造运动过程为:晚三叠世中期(印支构造期中期)松潘-甘孜地体与扬子板块开始裂开,古断裂走向近NS,断裂活动产生的地震于小塘子组浅海沉积中触发—系列软沉积物变形;晚三叠世晚期(印支构造期晚期)松潘-甘孜地体与上扬子板块发生陆内俯冲,地震诱发须家河组湖相沉积物变形;晚三叠世末期(印支构造期末期)松潘-甘孜地体左旋走滑逆冲于上扬子板块之上,形成松潘-甘孜山与川西前陆盆地,二者边界即现今的汶川-茂县断裂,印支期的造陆与造山伴随古地震发生.依据已识别的软沉积物液化变形位置与汶茂断裂的距离,估算出诺利阶小塘子组古地震震级约为Ms7.2;目前小塘子组液化变形记录远非距汶茂断裂最远的液化点,因而实际的古地震震级远远大于Ms7.2,应存在更强的地震事件.龙门山发生的毁灭性大地震(如2008,5,12汶川大地震Ms8)实际上于晚三叠世期间早已频繁发生,现今龙门山的活动地震带是中生代古地震带的延续.     

Early Jurassic Soft-Sediment Deformation Interpreted as Seismites in the Wuqia Pull-Apart Basin and the Strike-Slip Talas–Ferghana Fault, Xinjiang, China

The early Jurassic soft-sediment deformation occurring within lacustrine sandstone is distributed mainly in the Wuqia region of SW Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, western China. Triggered by earthquakes, such deformation was found to occur in three beds overlying the lower Jurassic Kangsu Formation. The main styles of deformation structures comprise load cast, ball-and-pillow, droplet, cusps, homogeneous layer, and liquefied unconformity. The deformation layers reflect a series of three strong earthquakes at the end of early Jurassic in the Wuqia region. The differences of deformation mechanisms undergone might represent the varying magnitudes of the earthquake events. During the early Jurassic, the Wuqia region was located in a pull-apart basin controlled by the significant Talas-Ferghana strike-slip fault in central Asia, which initiated the soft-sediment deformation induced by earthquakes. Our research suggests that the paleoseismic magnitudes could have ranged from Ms 6.5 to 7.     

Large earthquake‐triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,Beijing, North China

Ten well‐preserved, earthquake‐triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano have been found in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation (1550–1400 Ma) in the Beijing area, North China. These features crop out in a roadcut near Zhuanghuwa Village. All ten mounds occur in the same sedimentary layer and have rounded shapes with some concentric and radial fissures arising from the centre. They range from 1.5 to 4 m in diameter and from 10 cm to 30 cm in height. The carbonate sand volcano has a diameter of 110 cm and the ‘crater’ at the top has a depth of about 30 cm. Associated with these mounds and the sand volcano are many ‘normal’ sedimentary structures and numerous soft‐sediment deformation structures. The former include ripple marks, cross‐bedding, stromatolites and desiccation cracks, indicating deposition in a stable shallow‐water peritidal platform environment. The latter include intrastratal faults and folds, seismically formed breccias and carbonate clastic dykes. The morphological features and the genesis of these liquefaction mounds are very similar to mounds formed recently by the great Wenchuan Earthquake of China (2008). Detailed thin‐section study of the mounds found no signs of any kind of biological constructional process; instead it reveals some obvious fluidification and liquefaction characteristics. Comparative studies have shown that these features are probably the products of Mesoproterozoic earthquake activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木盆地满加尔坳陷及周缘晚奥陶世古地震记录及其地质意义

通过对钻井岩芯的详细观察和描述,发现在塔里木盆地满加尔坳陷晚奥陶世开阔陆棚相—盆地相沉积地层中,存在各种各样的、复杂的软沉积物变形构造,主要有液化流动构造,包括液化砂岩脉、液化角砾岩、底劈构造及水塑性卷曲变形与震积不整合等。特别是在满加尔坳陷与卡塔克隆起结合部塔中Ⅰ号断层的下降盘,发现存在米级软沉积物变形构造,以软沉积物布丁变形构造为主,变形构造的上、下均发育不等厚的未变形沉积层。这些变形构造的形成与震积作用有关,发育在晚奥陶世不同时期。在晚奥陶世早期,古地震记录表现出拉张应力作用的结果,且由早至晚古地震应力有逐渐增强的趋势。发现的多幕次的古地震记录表明,中加里东运动在满加尔坳陷及周缘表现明显,塔中Ⅰ号断裂是该时期古地震的主控断裂,其活动具有周期性和多旋回的特点,表现为多期次的由弱到强再结束的特征,且在不同部位有差异。晚奥陶世塔中Ⅰ号断裂带的地震活动影响着该区古构造和古沉积的发育。     

大连上震旦统地震灾变事件研究

笔者在大连工作区的上震旦统南关岭组、甘井子组和营城子组碳酸盐岩地层中,识别出以震动液化脉、震动液化角砾岩、碳酸盐岩注积岩等震积岩为代表的古地震灾变事件层（工作区缺失上震旦统顶部的兴民村组震积岩）,这在工作区属首次发现,这一发现进一步提高了辽南震旦系的研究程度,证明了辽南地区晚震旦世存在4个地震活跃期,从而为区域地层对比提供了新的实际材料,新发现的甘井子组白云岩中的地震灾变事件层表现为白云石质的震动液化脉及液化卷曲变形,是对辽南震旦系研究程度的提高和丰富。     

青白口群地层学研究

青白口群地层学的研究,涉及我国震旦系的范围和界线。无产阶级文化大革命以来,由于全国区域地质调查工作的丰硕成果和对震旦系的深入研究,目前有更好的条件重新讨论青白口群的层序、界面、内部分组、区域分布、对比及其在地层柱中的位置。 一、青白口群岩石地层单位的讨论 表1概括地表示青白口群及其地层单位划分和时代界线的研究史略。     

华北地台震旦纪-早古生代地震节律

在华北地台的震旦系与下古生界中的固定层位中，赋存并呈区域性分布着泄水脉灰岩、泥质岩，它们是强地震时，距震中一定距离内未成岩的沉积物经受水平振动时产生的液化泄水构造，是鉴别地层中地震灾变事件的依据。华北地台东部及北部的震旦系和下古生界中可识别出２０个震积岩岩组，在地层柱中代表了６个地震活跃期，每个活跃期之间的周期长度为４０Ｍａ或３０Ｍａ节律，可能有某种具普遍规律性的意义。