植被微气象的数值模拟

综合考虑梯度输送和阵性穿透作用，并对植被上方的过渡层作适当处理，提出了植被微气象的一阶闭合模型。它对温、湿、风等物理量垂直分布的模拟精度良好。引用系统优化理论和方法，对模型中参数作多维非线性搜索，结果客观可靠。由于植物本身的调节适应能力和反馈作用，大气与植被间的动量与水热交换机制和过程不尽相同。在动量输送过程中，梯度产生项和阵性穿透皆不可忽视，尤其在群体下部，更为重要；而在热量和水分输送过程中，阵性穿透作用在低矮密集植被中的贡献甚微，梯度产生项起主导作用。     

南极亚极地冰缘环境中分选环形成机制的观测与研究

南极亚极地冰缘环境中分选环边缘砾石砾径与其斜度坡度呈正相关,可用y=-5.0606+1.42828x表示。若砾径小于15厘米时符合y=-6.15778+1.56273x方程,大于15厘米时则符合v=-17.1913+1.97643x,说明当分选环边缘砾石砾径大于15厘米时摩擦阻力和砾石间结合力迅速增大。分选环中心表面小砾石运动具有周期性,总的位移是向边缘。中心表层冻胀力比深层大,中心冻胀强,向四周逐渐减小。体积较大的物体受冻胀力影响大。     

基于二氧化碳封存的水镁石反应动力学研究

缓慢的矿物溶解速率以及溶解介质难以回收一直是影响CO2矿物封存发展的两个难点。本文提出了一种新的以可循环的氯化铵溶液作为中间媒介的CO2矿物封存工艺。在此基础上,选取水镁石作为富镁硅酸盐矿物的代表,系统地研究了水镁石在氯化铵溶液中的流-固两相的反应动力学。结果表明该溶解反应符合Avrami经验模型。反应速率随反应温度、氯化铵溶液浓度的增加而增大,随固液比值、矿石粒径的增加而减小。该反应表观活化能为47.47kJ/mol,表明反应主要受表面化学反应控制。     

Soil erosion monitoring and its implication in a limestone land suffering from rocky desertification in the Huajiang Canyon, Guizhou, Southwest China

Over the past decades, the vast limestone mountain areas in southwestern China have suffered greatly from karst rocky desertification (KRD), which is a unique type of desertification caused by irrational land-use practices and has drawn increasing attention of international academic community. Characterizing soil erosion in this region is the key to understanding the escalating KRD problem and finding solution to it. The authors applied leveling method to study soil erosion process in the Huajiang Karst Canyon area between 1999 and 2003, and tried to relate it to KRD expansion. The monitoring data indicate that soil in the study area was losing at an alarming rate, which is much higher than soil formation rate and has already resulted in severe KRD problem. Soil loss under different land-use conditions varied greatly during the monitoring period. The highest soil erosion rate occurred in bare and newly abandoned cropland, followed by sparse grass land, forest land, and dense grass land. In addition, soil erosion could be significantly different under different micro-topographic conditions. Because soil erosion rate in the studied karst mountain areas is surprisingly high, it is urgent to take quick actions to fight against the ongoing KRD problems in Southwest China before an irreversible situation occurs. However, the traditional way to combat KRD by abandoning current cropland needs to be carefully reconsidered, since a bare newly abandoned cropland may suffer more from rapid soil loss than before.     

区域可持续发展水平综合评价排序计算模型研究——以三西地区为例

以三西地区为背景，针对区域可持续发展水平的综合排序问题，建立评价指标体系，并运用Fuzzy数学方法建立三级层次结构的定量化计算模型。其中，一级模型，着眼于每一个具体的评价指标，在二级评价指标集合上计算各区域从属于“可持续发展”的隶属度；二级模型，根据一级模型的排序计算结果，着眼于每一个二级评价指标集合，在一级评价指标集合上计算各区域从属于“可持续发展”的隶属度；三级模型，根据二级模型的排序计算结果，着眼于每一个一级评价指标集合，在整个评价指标体系中计算各区域从属于“可持续发展”的隶属度。运用该模型，对三西地区各县（市、区）可持续发展水平进行综合排序计算，结果令人满意。     

Analysis of the distribution characteristics of 226Ra and 228Ra and their sources in the western part of Qinghai Lake

The 226 Ra and 228 Ra activities of Qinghai Lake surface water,groundwater,river water,suspended particles,and bottom sediments were measured in a gamma-ray spectrometer.The sources of 226 Ra and 228 Ra were discussed according to their distribution characteristics.226 Ra and 228 Ra activities(dpm/(100 L)) ranged from 14.13±0.22 to 19.22±0.42 and 17.72±0.66 to 30.96±1.47 in the surface water of the North Bay,respectively,and from 7.88±0.24 to 33.80±0.47 and 15.73±0.74 to 57.31±1.44,respectively,in the South Bay.The surface water near the estuary had a lower salinity and had a higher concentration of radium isotopes than the samples collected further away.The farther offshore the sample,the higher the salinity was,and the lower the radium isotope activity.The distribution of radium activities in the western part of Qinghai Lake is controlled by several factors,including Buha River runoff,desorption from suspended particles derived from the river,groundwater discharge,and a small amount of diffusion from the sediment.     

Features of the Excess Adsorption Isotherms of High-Pressure Methane Adsorption on Coal and Simulation Model

<正>Four coal samples of different ranks are selected to perform the adsorption measurement of high-pressure methane(CH4).The highest equilibrium pressure of the measurement exceeds 20 MPa. Combined with the measuring results and theoretical analyses,the reasons for the peak or the maximum adsorption capacity appearing in the excess adsorption isotherms are explained.The rules of the peak occurrence are summarized.And then,based on the features of coal pore structure,the adsorption features of high-pressure gas,the microcosmic interaction relationship of coal surface and CH4 molecule,and the coalbed methane reservoir conditions,three theoretical assumptions on the coal adsorption high-pressure CH_4 are suggested.Thereafter,on the basis of these theoretical assumptions,the Ono-Kondo lattice model is processed for simplification and deformation. Subsequently,the equations modeling the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal are obtained.Through the verification on the measurement data,the fitting results indicate that it is feasible to use the Ono-Kondo lattice mode to model the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal.     

莘县凹陷沙二、沙三段沉积体系特征

运用地震层学与现代沉积学最新理论，莘县凹陷下第三系沙二、沙三段可划分出7种沉积相，4大沉积体系，它们是滨浅湖滩坝相沉积体系，河流三角洲轴向重力流沉积体系，近岸水下扇远源浊积扇沉积系与扇三角洲近源浊积扇沉积体系。     

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延长油田水平井钻井关键技术研究

水平井钻井技术对延长油田低渗透油藏的勘探开发具有重要意义。从钻井设计出发,提出了三维轨迹、负位移、三增剖面等剖面优化设计以及二开的井身结构设计;针对水平井地质导向的技术难点,形成了相应的技术对策;为解决原KPAM钻井液体系抑制性较差的问题,通过室内实验确定了阳离子乳液聚合物钻井液体系配方。这些关键技术有效性的保证了延长油田水平井钻井安全平稳运行。