豫西山区与承德基地相似距研究

用修改欧氏距离和马氏距离，分析了豫西山区不同海拔与河北省承德地区，全国闻名的良种繁育基地玉米制种的农业气候相似性．确定了与承德地区相似的玉米制种海拔界限为３３４－１２１５ｍ．其中海拔５００ｍ以上农业气候条件更为适宜．     

中小城市基本公共服务水平区域均等化的动态分析

选取基础教育、社会保障、基本医疗、公共文化四大类指标,利用2008—2013年我国26个省份163个中小城市的统计数据,测度了其基本公共服务水平区域均等化程度的动态变化。结果表明:中小城市基本公共服务平均水平呈上升趋势;基础教育和基本医疗的区域均等化程度较好,社会保障和公共文化的区域差异较大;基本公共服务水平表现出空间集聚发展态势,东高西低的分布格局呈加剧之势。优化公共财政体制建设,加强省份间协同发展是促进基本公共服务均等化的重要途径。     

1975-2015年鄂尔多斯市沙漠化的时空演变过程

鄂尔多斯市地处温带草原向荒漠草原过渡的半干旱区,是中国沙漠化问题较为严重的区域之一,其土地沙漠化发展和逆转过程及影响因素在北方农牧交错带具有代表性。以7期Landsat卫星遥感数据为信息源提取沙漠化土地类型及程度的时空格局信息,分析了该地区自1975年以来的土地沙漠化过程,并结合气象及社会经济数据采用主成分分析法对驱动因子进行定量分析。结果表明：在脆弱生态环境背景下,鄂尔多斯市土地沙漠化受人口数量增加、过垦及过牧等人为因素的严重影响。不同时段土地沙漠化发展的方向与驱动力都有所不同,1975-2000年是土地沙漠化的急剧发展期,驱动力以人为因素为主导,自然因素为基础;2000-2015年是土地沙漠化的逆转期,驱动力以自然因素为主,人为因素为辅。     

基于FY3A/MERSI影像的几种常用水体提取方法的比较分析

随着遥感技术的飞速发展,利用遥感数据来进行水资源的监测、调查和分析已经成为一种必然的趋势。通过选取新疆博湖县境内中国最大的内陆淡水湖-博斯腾湖为研究区,FY3A/MERSI影像为数据源,利用监督分类法从Landsat-ETM+影像提取水体,提取结果作为FY3A/MERSI影像水体提取精度验证的底图。采用单波段阈值法、基于阈值的多波段谱间关系法和基于阈值的水体指数法从FY3A/MERSI影像提取研究区水体,基于混淆矩阵法,提取结果分别与Landsat-ETM+影像底图作对比分析,最终得出结论,基于阈值的水体指数法中的归一化差异水体指数法提取研究区水体的总体精度最高,为96.37%,Khat为0.915。     

Investigation on semi-direct and indirect climate effects of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol over China

A Regional Climate Chemistry Modeling System that employed empirical parameterizations of aerosol-cloud microphysics was applied to investigate the spatial distribution, radiative forcing (RF), and climate effects of black carbon (BC) over China. Results showed high levels of BC in Southwest, Central, and East China, with maximum surface concentrations, column burden, and optical depth (AOD) up to 14 μg?m^?3, 8 mg?m^?2, and 0.11, respectively. Black carbon was found to result in a positive RF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to its direct effect while a negative RF due to its indirect effect. The regional-averaged direct and indirect RF of BC in China was about +0.81 and ?0.95 W?m^?2, respectively, leading to a net RF of ?0.15 W?m^?2 at the TOA. The BC indirect RF was larger than its direct RF in South China. Due to BC absorption of solar radiation, cloudiness was decreased by 1.33 %, further resulting in an increase of solar radiation and subsequently a surface warming over most parts of China, which was opposite to BC’s indirect effect. Further, the net effect of BC might cause a decrease of precipitation of ?7.39 % over China. Investigations also suggested large uncertainties and non-linearity in BC’s indirect effect on regional climate. Results suggested that: (a) changes in cloud cover might be more affected by BC’s direct effect, while changes in surface air temperature and precipitation might be influenced by BC’s indirect effect; and (b) BC second indirect effect might have more influence on cloud cover and water content compared to first indirect effect. This study highlighted a substantial role of BC on regional climate changes.     

古气候模拟

古气候模式与现代气候模式控制因子不完全相同,有的因子在现代气候模拟中可以不考虑,但是在古气候模拟中则是必不可少的,例如轨道参数、大气中温室气体的浓度、大陆冰盖、大洋热盐环流等。而且,随着模拟的时间尺度不同,这些因子的作用也不同。评价古气候模拟,可以从3处着眼:气候变化的方向、幅度和速度。但是,长期以来古气候模拟仅仅涉及到前两个问题,也就是研究气候对外强迫的平衡响应。集其大成者是古气候模式比较计划(Paleaoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project,     

The Influences of NAO and the Hudson Bay sea-ice on the climate of eastern Canada

Sea-ice cover over the Hudson Bay (HB) exhibits large variability in the freeze-up season normally starting in November. Its influence on the climate over eastern Canada has been studied with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) in three steps. First, a 30-year continuous simulation from 1970 to 1999 was performed as a control run to evaluate the simulated climate variability over eastern Canada, in particularly variability associated with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Then, 50 additional 1 month experiments were performed with modified sea-surface conditions prescribed over the HB. These integrations allowed us to quantify the contribution of HB sea-ice anomalies versus large scale NAO atmospheric variability (as defined by prescribed lateral boundary conditions) in inducing climate variability over eastern Canada. Results show that the NAO is the dominant factor controlling climate variability over eastern Canada. The contribution of HB sea-ice anomalies is significant only in the immediate coastal region. Under the influence of different phases of NAO, HB sea-ice anomalies do co-vary with temperature and precipitation anomalies downstream of the HB over eastern Canada. The ultimate cause of this co-variability is NAO variability which forces variability in both HB sea-ice cover as well as temperature/precipitation over eastern Canada.     

工业SO2排放对东亚和我国温度变化的影响

根据东亚地区工业ＳＯ２排放资料和硫化物输送模式模拟得到的ＳＯ２－４气溶胶的区域分布状况,计算了ＳＯ２－４对地气系统的直接辐射强迫作用,并用能量平衡模式模拟了其对东亚和我国温度变化的影响。模拟结果和资料分析表明,８０年代以来在全球变暖的背景下,我国南方大部分地区平均气温（特别是日最高温度和白天温度）普遍下降。工业ＳＯ２排放引起的大气中ＳＯ２－４含量的增加可能是引起降温的主要原因之一     

青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

冬季青藏高原对东移大槽动力影响的研究：Ⅲ.模拟试验结果的分析

具体分析了本文Ⅱ的模拟试验结果。结果表明，该试验较清楚地再现了青藏高原地形对西风气流的影响，也显示了不同地形、急流的有无、强度和位置以及初始槽强度和基本气流斜压性的强度对东移槽的影响。这些结果有的清楚地再现了过去熟知的或还不很清楚的地形影响事实，有的可为东移槽的预报提供着眼点。