兴海县土地资源的开发与保护

通过分析兴海县土地利用状况、潜力及存在的问题,指出了土地资源合理利用的必要性;在明确土地开发利用与保护的原则和方向的基础上,提出了土地开发利用与保护的对策措施。     

托克妥环形构造与铜的成矿关系及今后找矿方向

托克妥环形构造处于昆中断裂的次级构造带上,形成于三叠纪,为一火山构造,属于火山颈相。随着青藏高原的抬升,其一直处于剥蚀阶段,至目前最有利于铜成矿的火山口构造已被剥蚀,只留下了火山颈的部分。经研究认为找铜的方向应在火山构造与围岩的接触带上,特别是接触带产状较缓的部位。     

遥感技术在青藏高原北部生态环境调查中的应用

通过正确地选择和使用遥感信息源并在计算机图像处理系统支持下,发现Landsat-5T.M7.4.1卫星图像上显示出青藏高原北部生态环境分区具有规律性。笔者在对这种分区规律进行简要讨论的基础上,进一步阐述了青藏高原北部区域的青海省景观生态区划以及生态环境分区规律与青藏高原岩石圈动力学特征的关系。     

A drought hazard assessment index based on the VIC–PDSI model and its application on the Loess Plateau, China

Drought is a complex natural hazard that is poorly understood and difficult to assess. This paper describes a VIC–PDSI model approach to understanding drought in which the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model was combined with the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Simulated results obtained using the VIC model were used to replace the output of the more conventional two-layer bucket-type model for hydrological accounting, and a two-class-based procedure for calibrating the characteristic climate coefficient (K _j ) was introduced to allow for a more reliable computation of the PDSI. The VIC–PDSI model was used in conjunction with GIS technology to create a new drought assessment index (DAI) that provides a comprehensive overview of drought duration, intensity, frequency, and spatial extent. This new index was applied to drought hazard assessment across six subregions of the whole Loess Plateau. The results show that the DAI over the whole Loess Plateau ranged between 11 and 26 (the greater value of the DAI means the more severe of the drought hazard level). The drought hazards in the upper reaches of Yellow River were more severe than that in the middle reaches. The drought prone regions over the study area were mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolian small rivers, Zuli and Qingshui Rivers basin, while the drought hazards in the drainage area between Hekouzhen–Longmen and Weihe River basin were relatively mild during 1971–2010. The most serious drought vulnerabilities were associated with the area around Lanzhou, Zhongning, and Yinchuan, where the development of water-saving irrigation is the most direct and effective way to defend against and reduce losses from drought. For the relatively humid regions, it will be necessary to establish the rainwater harvesting systems, which could help to relieve the risk of water shortage and guarantee regional food security. Due to the DAI considers the multiple characteristic of drought duration, intensity, frequency, and spatial extent, and because it is based on the VIC–PDSI model and GIS technologies, the DAI could provide some new way on directly comparing the drought hazards over different regions during a long-term period. The result of this study may be useful to decision makers when formulating drought management policies to alleviate the risk of water shortages and guarantee regional food security.     

华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究——以武川县为例

为探究不同程度干旱胁迫对华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响,以内蒙古呼和浩特市武川县为例,基于多年马铃薯生长发育资料和气象资料,对APSIM-Potato模型进行调参与验证,评价模型在武川地区的适用性。利用验证后的模型模拟马铃薯叶面积指数（LAI）、地上部生物量和产量对不同发育阶段干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明：（1） 各发育阶段天数的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差（RMSE）均在3 d内;LAI、地上部生物量和产量的模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为12.82%、17.35%和14.48%,均低于20%,表明APSIM-Potato模型在武川地区具有较好的适用性。（2） 随着干旱胁迫时间和强度的增加,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量随之减小。模拟单一发育阶段干旱胁迫时,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量对分枝-开花期水分胁迫的响应最大;模拟连续发育阶段干旱胁迫时,LAI、地上部生物量和产量对全生育期水分胁迫的响应最大。     

张家口市崇礼的雪季与冬奥会赛期的降雪特征分析

利用张家口市崇礼1960-2014年逐日降水和天气现象资料,分析了雪季与冬奥会赛期(2月4-20日)的降雪特征。结果显示：崇礼最早降雪初日为10月13日,最迟降雪终日为4月30日,初、终雪日多年平均为11月2日和4月6日;雪季长度最长和最短分别为190 d和123 d,多年平均为156 d。雪季间最长连续无降雪时段多出现在12月末到1月下旬。冬奥会赛期前的11月上旬降雪日数少,但降雪量较大;此后各旬降雪日数、雪量差异不大。2月4-20日间平均4~5 d出现一次降雪,且主要为中小雪,出现大雪的概率极低。这些结果为冬奥会赛场充分利用降雪资源、制定赛事计划和赛事期间的气象条件预测及预报等保障提供参考依据。     

用形态学滤波从电导率图像中提取缝洞孔隙度谱

为了更好地实现对缝洞型储层孔隙结构和孔隙度的精细评价,基于高覆盖率和高分辨率电成像测井的电导率数据,用多尺度形态学滤波方法分离了基质孔、裂缝和溶蚀孔洞,提取了缝洞孔隙度谱。首先分析了电成像测井对裂缝和溶蚀孔洞的响应模式;其次,在简单介绍数学形态学算子的基础上,给出了结构元素选择和滤波算子构造的方法,用于电成像测井数据的噪声压制和缝洞异常电导率信息的提取;再次,基于缝洞发育处电导率异常的边缘检测结果,用椭圆形及不规则多边形函数拟合溶蚀孔洞,用多项式插值函数拟合裂缝边界,继而提取缝洞分布多类属性参数,获得缝洞孔隙度谱;最后,用实测数据对文中算法进行了测试,验证了多尺度数学形态学滤波方法用于电成像测井资料缝洞孔隙度谱计算的有效性。