三峡水库香溪河鱼类群落结构特征及历史变化

由于自然和人为因素的影响,三峡水库鱼类资源一直在发生变化,为掌握三峡水库蓄水后典型支流香溪河鱼类群落的现状及历史变化,于2020年7月—2021年4月使用多网目复合刺网和地笼对香溪河鱼类群落进行实地采样,并结合历史数据进行比较分析。研究期间共采集到鱼类55种,隶属于7目14科,鲤科鱼类种类数最多,以杂食性鱼类和湖泊定居性鱼类为主,优势种为贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)、短颌鲚(Coilia bratchygnahus)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)和翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus),其相对重要性指数(IRI)分别为5502、3828、2567和1109。鱼类物种多样性指数在春季最高,夏季最低。刺网单位捕捞努力量渔获个体数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量在夏季最高,冬季最低。与三峡水库蓄水前相比,香溪河鱼类中长江上游特有鱼类减少4种,外来鱼类增加3种。湖泊定居性种类持续增加,喜流水性种类减少,鱼类优势种发生较大变动。2020—2021年香溪河鱼类组成与1987年的相似性指数为0.29,与2012—2013年的相似性指数为0.53,反映三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河...     

Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region,China

Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot(CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6 m(MP 1),and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8 m(MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors.No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures(MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.     

基于ShakeMap_CNST的2017年精河6.6级地震灾害快速评估

基于考虑区域地震动衰减关系、场地效应及震中破裂等多因素的烈度快速评估模型,结合震害预测方法,研发了一套震害预测系统,并以2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震的震害预测为例,将对其的预测结果与当前主流系统进行对比。结果表明,采用ShakeMap_CNST系统能对地震的影响范围和烈度进行更为准确的估计,在人员伤亡、受灾人口估计、紧急安置人数及经济损失评估等方面,相对于其他系统,本系统的结果与现场调查的结果更为接近。     

Dynamic amplification factors for a system with multiple-degrees-of-freedom

It is well-known that the responses of a structure are different when subjected to a static load or a sudden step load. The dynamic amplification factor (DAF), which is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the vibratory response to the static response, is normally used to depict the dynamic effect. For a single-degree-of-freedom system (SDOF) subjected to a sudden dynamic load, the maximum value of DAF is 2. Many design guidelines therefore use 2 as an upper bound to consider the dynamic effect. For a civil engineering structure, which is normally a multiple-degrees-of-freedom (MDOF) system, the DAF may exceed 2 in certain circumstances. The adoption of 2 as the upper bond as suggested by the design guidelines therefore may lead to unsafe structural design. Very limited studies systematically investigate the DAF of a MDOF system. This study theoretically investigates the DAF of a MDOF system when it is subjected to a step load based on the fundamental theory of structural dynamics. The condition on which the DAF may exceed 2 is defined. Two numerical examples and one experimental study of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to sudden cable loss are presented to illustrate the problem.     

Modeling the westward transversal current in the southern Yellow Sea entrance: a case study in winter 2007

Ocean Dynamics - The westward transversal current (TC) in the southern Yellow Sea entrance was investigated during winter 2007 using a numerical ocean model. The three-dimensional structures and...     

卫星估计降水量产品的优化处理及分区检验

经检验发现,由国家卫星气象中心反演并投入业务使用的GMS-5卫星红外估计降水量产品性能在我国存在一定的区域差异。利用实测雨量对卫星估计降水量产品进行优化处理,结果显示优化后的卫星估计降水量在全国各气候分区都有不同程度的改善。     

三角褐指藻与抑食金球藻的竞争及化感作用研究

为探明三角褐指藻（Phaeodactylum tricornutum）对抑食金球藻（Aureococcus anophagefferens）是否具有化感作用,本研究以三角褐指藻和抑食金球藻为实验材料,研究了抑食金球藻在单培养和共培养条件下的生长情况及三角褐指藻培养滤液对其生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:三角褐指藻对抑食金球藻有明显的化感抑制作用。在单培养体系中,抑食金球藻的生长曲线可用逻辑斯谛增长模型拟合,随着起始密度的增加,环境容量（K）逐渐减小,而抑食金球藻的种群瞬间增长率（r）、进入拐点时间及稳定期细胞密度均较为接近;当三角褐指藻与抑食金球藻以不同起始密度比共同培养时,抑食金球藻的生长均受到了显著地抑制（P<0.05）,但其抑制作用并未与三角褐指藻的密度呈明显的线性关系;滤液培养实验发现,10 mL和15 mL三角褐指藻培养滤液的加入可对抑食金球藻的生长产生显著影响（P<0.05）,对其叶绿素荧光参数没有影响（P>0.05）,25 mL和35 mL三角褐指藻培养滤液的加入可对抑食金球藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数均产生显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、ΦPSⅡ、alpha的值降低,Ik的值增加,PSⅡ受到损害。     

陇中黄土高原土壤水分变化特征及其机理分析

基于兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（SACOL）2010年全年的观测资料,对陇中黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分的年变化和日变化特征进行了研究,并通过计算水汽通量与蒸散量,探讨了土壤-地表-大气间水分的交换和运移机理。结果表明：土壤湿度的季节变化主要受降水影响,各季节的平均土壤湿度均呈现出表层和深层低、中间层高的特点,最高值出现在地下10 cm附近;在无降水的情况下,土壤5~20 cm处的含水量呈现出夜间逐渐降低、白天逐渐上升的波形变化,这种变化与土壤水汽通量具有很好的一致性,而水汽通量的方向则受温度梯度的影响;在白天,地表温度高于气温与较深层地温,水汽在向空气蒸散的同时也由地表流向土壤深部,夜晚地表温度则低于较深层地温,水汽由土壤深部流向地表。因此土壤内部的水分蒸发主要出现在夜晚,且主要发生在地表40 cm以内的土壤孔隙中,而白天地表的实际蒸发主要存在土壤浅层0~5 cm,5 cm以下土壤水分的蒸发十分微弱。本研究结果对于改进半干旱区陆面计算模式以及当地的生态环境建设具有一定的参考价值。     

Spectral lag of gamma‐ray bursts caused by the intrinsic spectral evolution and the curvature effect

Assuming an intrinsic ‘Band’ shape spectrum and an intrinsic energy‐independent emission profile we have investigated the connection between the evolution of the rest‐frame spectral parameters and the spectral lags measured in gamma‐ray burst (GRB) pulses by using a pulse model. We first focus our attention on the evolution of the peak energy, E_0,p, and neglect the effect of the curvature effect. It is found that the evolution of E_0,p alone can produce the observed lags. When E_0,p varies from hard to soft only the positive lags can be observed. The negative lags would occur in the case of E_0,p varying from soft to hard. When the evolution of E_0,p and the low‐energy spectral index α₀ varying from soft to hard then to soft we can find the aforesaid two sorts of lags. We then examine the combined case of the spectral evolution and the curvature effect of fireball and find the observed spectral lags would increase. A sample including 15 single pulses whose spectral evolution follows hard to soft has been investigated. All the lags of these pulses are positive, which is in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. Our analysis shows that only the intrinsic spectral evolution can produce the spectral lags and the observed lags should be contributed by the intrinsic spectral evolution and the curvature effect. But it is still unclear what cause the spectral evolution (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)