2008年7月13-14日郑州市强对流天气成因分析

利用高空、地面观测资料及多普勒天气雷达产品,对2008年7月13-14日郑州地区的一次强对流暴雨天气过程,从影响系统、物理量场及雷达回波等方面进行了分析,结果表明:高空东移的西风槽和副热带高压边缘的暖湿气流为此次强降水提供了有利的大尺度环流背景;地面偏东气流为降水输送了充足的水汽;低层辐合、高层辐散的强烈上升运动为降水的发生提供了动力条件.     

2001年11月14日昆仑山口西地震--一次面波震级未饱和的地震

概述了2001年11月14日发生在新疆、青海交界的昆仑山口西地震震级的测定过程,分析比较了我国国家数字地震台网和美国地质调查局（USGS）国家地震信息中心（NEIC）测定的面波震级MS,以及国内外不同机构测定的该地震的矩震级MW. 结果表明, 不同的机构在测定面波震级时,由于所使用的资料不尽相同, 所使用的计算震级的公式也有所不同, 导致测定结果有一定的差别. 我国对该地震的速报结果是MS=8.1, 在正式编辑出版的《中国数字地震台网观测报告》中给出的测定结果是MS=8.2;美国地质调查局（USGS）国家地震信息中心（NEIC）测定的结果是MS=8.0. 地震发生后不久,哈佛大学（Harvard）、NEIC、东京大学地震研究所（ERI）、中国地震局分析预报中心（APCEA）、 中国地震局地球物理研究所（IGCEA）利用全球地震台网、 中国国家数字地震台网或中国数字地震台网（CDSN）的资料得出的矩震级MW分别是7.8（Harvard）, 7.7(NEIC), 7.7(ERI), 7.6(APCEA),7.5(IGCEA),测定的结果基本一致, 平均为MW=7.7. 鉴于矩震级是一个描述地震绝对大小的力学量,与传统的震级标度相比具有明显的优点,国际地震学界推荐矩震级作为优先使用的震级. 本文分析表明,昆仑山口西地震的震级（矩震级）为MW=7.7, 其面波震级MS=8.0, 是一次面波震级未饱和的地震.      

1982-2012年北半球荒漠草原过渡带植被物候特征及其与气候因子的关系

基于GIMMS（global inventory modeling and mapping studies）NDVI 3g数据,在提取北半球荒漠草原过渡带每年植被物候期的基础上,研究了1982-2012年物候期的时间演化趋势及空间分异特征,并结合全球气候再分析资料,探讨了物候变化的气候驱动因素。结果表明：在1998年之前,荒漠草原过渡带植被物候期变化地区间差异较大,而在1998年之后,北半球荒漠草原过渡带生长季结束期整体提前,平均提前0.41 d/a;同时,除萨赫勒以外的各地区植被生长季长度普遍缩短,平均缩短0.88 d/a。植被物候期与气候因子的相关分析发现,荒漠草原过渡带植被物候变化受气候变化影响显著,且空间差异明显。在中高纬度地区,气温是限制植被活动的关键因子,温度升高可以促进生长季开始期的提前,而降水增加则会妨碍植被生长;在较低纬度地区,水分是影响植被活动的关键因素,高温造成的水分亏缺会导致植被生长季缩短。从植被物候期对各气候因子响应的时滞性来看,荒漠草原过渡带植被的物候期对气温变化的响应最迅速,对蒸散的响应存在一定的滞后性,而对降水的响应不存在时滞差异。     

基于浒苔暴发海水池塘的微生物生态特征研究

为研究浒苔对海水养殖环境微生物生态的影响,采用Illumia高通量测序技术测定冬季垦区进水区、浒苔暴发的池塘和排水区水体以及底泥中菌群结构,分析进水区、池塘养殖区和排水区的环境微生物结构演变过程。结果表明:（1）γ-变形细菌、α-变形细菌、放线菌、拟杆菌和δ-变形细菌为海水养殖区的优势细菌门类;（2）进水区水体和底泥微生物种类和多样性指数均高于浒苔池塘和排水区;浒苔暴发的池塘和排水区微生物群落结构较为相似;（3）浒苔池塘的水体微生物以异养细菌为主,底泥以脱硫杆菌等厌氧细菌为主,增加了底泥潜在产生硫化氢的危害;（4）进水区水体含有丰度较高的弧菌和鱼立克次氏体等条件致病性病原菌,而浒苔池塘中含量较低,说明浒苔对弧菌等有一定的抑制作用;但浒苔暴发的池塘和排水区中另一种潜在致病菌黄杆菌类的丰度较高,养殖品种务必防患此类病菌感染疾病的发生。本文从微生态学角度全面揭示浒苔对近岸海区、海水池塘和排水区微生态演变过程的影响,发现了浒苔具有抑制和增加不同致病菌的双重作用,这对水产养殖有一定指导,也为浒苔发生原因、预报、预防等研究提供一定理论参考。     

Miniature LVDT setup for local strain measurement on cement-treated clay specimens

ABSTRACT

Miniature submersible linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is commonly used for small strain stiffness measurement. However, it has not been widely used on cement-treated clays. This paper proposes a method of installing and setting up submersible LVDT to minimize testing problems and errors for cement-treated clays. In soft clay testing, the LVDT mount can be anchored to the specimen by pressed-in anchor pins or rods. However, this cannot be done on cement-treated clay due to the latter’s hardness. Preliminary trials also indicate that direct attachment of the LVDT mounts to the membrane without anchor pins is not feasible owing to the tendency of the LVDT to tilt and detach from the specimen. The system adopted involves pre-casting holes for the insertion of anchor pins during placement of the admixture into the moulds. The diameter of the anchors pins was found to have significant effect on the results; smaller diameter pins give more consistent results with those of resonant column and bender element tests. This can be attributed to the effect of stress concentration around the anchor pins. The results showed that, used appropriately, submersible LVDTs can give small strain measurements which have a high degree of inner consistency with results from resonant column and bender element tests.     

广西气象部门职工对气象教育培训需求的差异比较及分析

在广西气象部门1500多位职工关于气象教育培训需求调查的基础上,对不同单位(级)类别、不同年龄、不同工作年限、不同学历层次职工的气象教育培训需求差异进行比较分析,探寻其中的不同点和规律,并对如何满足职工的气象教育培训需求提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆河流域植被对气候变化的敏感性差异(英文)

Terrestrial ecosystem and climate system are closely related to each other. Faced with the unavoidable global climate change, it is important to investigate terrestrial ecosystem responding to climate change. In inland river basin of arid and semi-arid regions in China, sensitivity difference of vegetation responding to climate change from 1998 to 2007 was analyzed in this paper. (1) Differences in the global spatio-temporal distribution of vegetation and climate are obvious. The vegetation change shows a slight degradation in this whole region. Degradation is more obvious in densely vegetated areas. Temperature shows a gen-eral downward trend with a linear trend coefficient of -1.1467. Conversely, precipitation shows an increasing trend with a linear trend coefficient of 0.3896. (2) About the central tendency response, there are similar features in spatial distribution of both NDVI responding to precipitation (NDVI-P) and NDVI responding to AI (NDVI-AI), which are contrary to that of NDVI responding to air temperature (NDVI-T). Typical sensitivity region of NDVI-P and NDVI-AI mainly covers the northern temperate arid steppe and the northern temperate desert steppe. NDVI-T typical sensitivity region mainly covers the northern temperate desert steppe. (3) Regarding the fluctuation amplitude response, NDVI-T is dominated by the lower sensi-tivity, typical regions of the warm temperate shrubby, selui-shrubby, bare extreme dry desert, and northern temperate meadow steppe in the east and temperate semi-shrubby, dwarf ar-boreous desert in the north are high response. (4) Fluctuation amplitude responses between NDVI-P and NDVI-AI present a similar spatial distribution. The typical sensitivity region mainly covers the northern temperate desert steppe. There are various linear change trend re-sponses of NDVI-T, NDVI-P and NDVI-AI. As to the NDVI-T and NDVI-AI, which are influ-enced by the boundary effect of semi-arid and semi-humid climate zones, there is less cor-relation of their linear change tendency along the border. There is stronger correlation in other regions, especially in the NDVI-T in the northern temperate desert steppe and NDVI-AI in the warm temperate shrubby, selui-shrubby, bare, extreme and dry desert.     

秦岭地区秋季降水的气候特征分析

利用1961-2005年观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 对秦岭邻近地区秋季(9-10月) 降水的气候特征及其与大气环流关系进行分析,结果表明:秦岭地区秋季降水具有明显年代际变化特征, 1960s后期、1970s和1980s初秋季多雨,而1950s和1960s初前期、1980s中后期和1990s秋少雨, 2000年以后秋季降水略有增多.秦岭地区秋季雨涝年环流特征是高原北侧高空西风急流偏强,乌拉尔山长波脊稳定,西大平洋副热带高压位置偏西,强度偏强,对流层低层东南风气流和西南风气流为秦岭地区输送了大量水汽;而少雨干旱年则高空高原北侧西风急流偏弱,秦岭地区受青藏高压控制或西北气流控制,与东亚冬季风相联系的偏北气流阻断了偏南气流的水汽输送.     

等电位连接网络在信息系统防雷接地工程中的应用

根据S型和M型两种结构等电位连接网络的不同特点来说明其适用范围、防雷接地工程应用以及安装注意事项.     

Phosphorus speciation and availability in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary,China

In order to better understand P cycling and bioavailability in the intertidal system of the Yangtze Estuary, both surface (0–5 cm) and core (30 cm long) sediments were collected and sequentially extracted to analyze the solid-phase reservoirs of sedimentary P: loosely sorbed P; Fe-bound P; authigenic P; detrital P; and organic P. The total sedimentary P in surface and core sediments ranged from 14.58–36.81 μmol g⁻¹ and 17.11–24.55 μmol g⁻¹, respectively, and was dominated by inorganic P. The average percentage of each fraction of P in surface sediments followed the sequence: detrital P (54.9%) > Fe-bound P (23.7%) > organic P (14.3%) > authigenic P (6.3%) > loosely sorbed P (0.8%), whereas in core sediments it followed the sequence: detrital P (61.7%) > Fe-bound P (17.0%) > authigenic P (13.1%) > organic P (7.5%) > loosely sorbed P (0.7%). Post-depositional reorganization of P was observed in both surface and core sediments, converting organic P and Fe-bound P to authigenic P. The accumulation rates and burial efficiencies of the total P in the intertidal area ranged from 118.70–904.98 μmol cm⁻² a⁻¹ and 80.29–88.11%, respectively. High burial efficiency of the total P is likely related to the high percentage of detrital P and the high sediment accumulation rate. In addition, the bioavailable P represented a significant proportion of the sedimentary P pool, which on average accounted for 37.4% and 25.1% of the total P in surface and core sediments, respectively. This result indicates that the tidal sediment is a potential internal source of P for this P-limiting estuarine ecosystem.