Pits,rifts and slumps: the summit structure of Piton de la Fournaise

A clear model of structures and associated stress fields of a volcano can provide a framework in which to study and monitor activity. We propose a volcano-tectonic model for the dynamics of the summit of Piton de la Fournaise (La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean). The summit contains two main pit crater structures (Dolomieu and Bory), two active rift zones, and a slumping eastern sector, all of which contribute to the actual fracture system. Dolomieu has developed over 100 years by sudden large collapse events and subsequent smaller drops that include terrace formation. Small intra-pit collapse scars and eruptive fissures are located along the southern floor of Dolomieu. The western pit wall of Dolomieu has a superficial inward dipping normal fault boundary connected to a deeper ring fault system. Outside Dolomieu, an oval extension zone containing sub-parallel pit-related fractures extends to a maximum distance of 225 m from the pit. At the summit the main trend for eruptive fissures is N80°, normal to the north–south rift zone. The terraced structure of Dolomieu has been reproduced by analogue models with a roof to width ratio of approximately 1, suggesting an original magma chamber depth of about 1 km. Such a chamber may continue to act as a storage location today. The east flank has a convex–concave profile and is bounded by strike-slip fractures that define a gravity slump. This zone is bound to the north by strike-slip fractures that may delineate a shear zone. The southern reciprocal shear zone is probably marked by an alignment of large scoria cones and is hidden by recent aa lavas. The slump head intersects Dolomieu pit and may slide on a hydrothermally altered layer known to be located at a depth of around 300 m. Our model has the summit activity controlled by the pit crater collapse structure, not the rifts. The rifts become important on the mid-flanks of the cone, away from pit-related fractures. On the east flank the superficial structures are controlled by the slump. We suggest that during pit subsidence intra-pit eruptions may occur. During tumescence, however, the pit system may become blocked and a flank eruption is more likely. Intrusions along the rift may cause deformation that subsequently increases the slump’s potential to deform. Conversely, slumping may influence the east flank stress distribution and locally control intrusion direction. These predictions can be tested with monitoring data to validate the model and, eventually, improve monitoring.     

Micromechanism of the diffusion of cement-based grouts in porous media under two hydraulic operating conditions: constant flow rate and constant pressure

Acta Geotechnica - Cement-based grout has been widely used in various civil engineering applications. The diffusion of cement-based grouts in porous media is an important issue in soil sealing and...     

腾格里沙漠丘间地风沙沉积210Pb初探

210Pb方法被广泛运用于不同环境沉积物年龄和沉积速率的测定[17],以及陆地沉积环境侵蚀速率研究[8]。本文拟运用210Pb方法对前人未涉及过的沙漠沉积环境作初步研究,了解在沙漠风沙沉积中210Pb比活度的分布,探讨210Pb方法对风沙沉积物年龄和沉积速率的适用性。同时,试图通过对样品粒径与总210Pb（210Pbtot）比活度的关系建立拟合方程,为运用210Pb方法进行沉积物研究提供粒度校正方面的参考。运用210Pb计年的前提之一是具有稳定的沉积环境[9]。腾格里沙漠位于阿拉善台地东南部一断陷盆地,东界贺兰山,西北以雅布赖山与巴丹吉林沙漠相隔,南侧以祁连山为界。     

相控阵天气雷达波束特性

为了缩短雷达的探测周期, 相控阵天气雷达必须采用宽波束发射, 多波束接收。该文在天线口径为均匀分布和非均匀分布情况下讨论了相位扫描天线的方向图, 对波束特性进行分析, 提出采用非均匀划分子空间方法可对相位扫描天线带来的波束展宽效应和增益减小进行补偿, 并模拟设计了一个相控阵天气雷达天线方案, 给出宽波束和多个窄波束方向图及波束参数。结果表明:海明加权方法可使副瓣电平降低到-25 dB, 能基本满足天气探测需求; 采用非均匀划分子空间能够对波束宽度和天线增益进行补偿; 文中所设计的天线方案不仅能够缩短雷达的探测周期, 还能充分利用雷达的照射能量。     

基于连续消光特征分析的岩石薄片分析系统

连续消光是指在正交偏光显微镜下,岩石薄片随载物台旋转而发生消光强弱连续变化的现象.作为人工鉴定岩石薄片的重要依据,提取后的连续消光特征可以用于实现岩石薄片的自动分析.结合数字图像处理技术与聚类划分算法,开发出一套能够分割出孔隙、颗粒轮廓,实现颗粒类别划分,并对结果做定量分析的岩石薄片分析系统.从矿物的消光特征本质出发,...     

汶川M_W7.9和集集M_W7.6地震前应力场转换现象及其可能的前兆意义

2008年四川汶川MW7.9地震和1999年台湾集集MW7.6地震均为挤压推覆构造环境条件下发生的板内逆断层型地震。本文对比分析了两次地震前的CMT解、震区附近的中小地震震源机制解及其反演的应力场可知,集集地震主震震源机制解与用台湾内陆中西部的CMT解反演得到逆断层类型构造应力场吻合,而震区附近中小地震具有随机发生的性质,反演得到了震前与构造应力场不一致的走向滑动类型的局部应力场,但当局部应力场变化到与构造应力场一致时,数月后发生主震;同样,用青藏高原东部的CMT解震源机制反演得到走向滑动类型的构造应力场,逆冲类型的汶川主震与构造应力场的压应力轴吻合,震区附近中小地震反演得到了与构造应力场一致的区域应力场,但震前局部应力场变化为逆冲类型应力场一致时,随即发生主震。说明逆断层型主震区附近随着震源区应力积累,在震前会出现相似的应力场转换现象,当最终转换到与发生主震的应力状态一致时,表明震源区附近应力已达到相当高的应力水平,是发生大地震的征兆,应引起进一步的关注。     

Geochemical baseline of trace elements in the sediment in Dexing area,South China

A baseline might be used as a point of reference to monitor change from some specific data without concern for whether the baseline determination is natural or has been changed by human activity. We selected 326 sediment samples from Dexing area, South China, and analyzed for 17 chemical elements. The geochemical baseline was predicted with the method of the normalization procedure combined with the relative cumulative frequency curve. The results indicate Al was the best reference element for the normalization procedure among four potential reference elements (Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn). The baseline value range obtained from the normalization procedure method included both the regional geochemical background of the sediment and the median value of the measured contents. The median value of baselines obtained from relative cumulative frequency method was lower than that obtained from normalization procedure method. In contrast to the geochemical patterns of heavy metals in 1987, the spatial distribution of anomalies sprawled in 2004 in study area, especially for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe, and Cr.     

黑龙江省东部方正断陷内部格局的新认识及沉积-构造演化*

依据黑龙江东部方正断陷新的三维地震资料,重新厘定了其主干断层——伊汉通断层（FZ3）,发现该断层规模明显变大,对断陷的沉积-构造演化具有明显的控制作用。依据对伊汉通断层的新认识和FZ4、FZ5断层的发现,以及FZ6和FZ7断层的特征,确定方正断陷内部结构具有南北向（走向）分段、东西向（横向）分带的特点,并将方正断陷的沉积-构造演化划分成古近纪古新世—始新世的断陷期、始新世末的挤压隆起期、渐新世的差异沉降期和古近纪末期的挤压反转期4个阶段,指出东部凹陷埋藏深、面积大,是方正断陷新的油气勘探领域。     

木里地区水合物钻孔井壁构造裂缝特征

木里地区三露天井田断层发育、岩性复杂,且钻探结果揭示水合物主要赋存于地层裂缝中,因此,笔者专门利用声成像测井资料对三露天井田水合物钻孔井壁构造裂缝进行研究,明确了研究区构造裂缝的成像测井响应特征,并从裂缝线密度、倾角、倾向等方面对裂缝的分布特征进行了分析讨论.结果 表明:①研究区水合物钻孔井壁裂缝发育,倾角以高角度为主,低角度次之,水平裂缝与高角度裂缝少见;冻土层及以上裂缝较冻土层以下更为发育.②研究区裂缝主要走向与地层断裂走向基本一致或小角度斜交,裂缝的发育受断层控制明显.③研究区裂缝倾角相对较大,不利于烃类气体的大量聚集,这可能是该区域钻孔少见水合物的原因之一.     

点吸收式波浪能俘获装置结构优化方法研究

根据布设海域波浪能资源特征,对点吸收式波浪能装置结构进行优化,可有效提高装置的能量俘获效率。本文以威海褚岛北部海域为装置布设目标海域,在对该海域波浪资源特征进行统计分析的基础上,计算得到装置的直径,同时利用数值软件计算出多组工况下点吸收装置吃水深度和装置固有周期的对应关系,并利用统计学方法得出装置固有周期随吃水深度的变化规律,进而分析得出装置在该海域的最佳设计吃水深度,为点吸收波浪能装置结构优化设计提供了新的思路。该方法对于其他技术类型波浪能装置的结构优化设计同样具有借鉴意义。