A large shock vein in L chondrite Roosevelt County 106: Evidence for a long‐duration shock pulse on the L chondrite parent body

A large shock‐induced melt vein in L6 ordinary chondrite Roosevelt County 106 contains abundant high‐pressure minerals, including olivine, enstatite, and plagioclase fragments that have been transformed to polycrystalline ringwoodite, majorite, lingunite, and jadeite. The host chondrite at the melt‐vein margins contains olivines that are partially transformed to ringwoodite. The quenched silicate melt in the shock veins consists of majoritic garnets, up to 25 μm in size, magnetite, maghemite, and phyllosilicates. The magnetite, maghemite, and phyllosilicates are the terrestrial alteration products of magnesiowüstite and quenched glass. This assemblage indicates crystallization of the silicate melt at approximately 20–25 GPa and 2000 °C. Coarse majorite garnets in the centers of shock veins grade into increasingly finer grained dendritic garnets toward the vein margins, indicating increasing quench rates toward the margins as a result of thermal conduction to the surrounding chondrite host. Nanocrystalline boundary zones, that contain wadsleyite, ringwoodite, majorite, and magnesiowüstite, occur along shock‐vein margins. These zones represent rapid quench of a boundary melt that contains less metal‐sulfide than the bulk shock vein. One‐dimensional finite element heat‐flow calculations were performed to estimate a quench time of 750–1900 ms for a 1.6‐mm thick shock vein. Because the vein crystallized as a single high‐pressure assemblage, the shock pulse duration was at least as long as the quench time and therefore the sample remained at 20–25 GPa for at least 750 ms. This relatively long shock pulse, combined with a modest shock pressure, implies that this sample came from deep in the L chondrite parent body during a collision with a large impacting body, such as the impact event that disrupted the L chondrite parent body 470 Myr ago.     

Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model

The effect of pre-storm subsurface thermal structure on the intensity of hurricane Katrina (2005) is examined using a regional coupled model. The Estimating Circulation and Climate of Ocean (ECCO) ocean state estimate is used to initialize the ocean component of the coupled model, and the source of deficiencies in the simulation of Katrina intensity is investigated in relation to the initial depth of 26 °C isotherm (D26). The model underestimates the intensity of Katrina partly due to shallow D26 in ECCO. Sensitivity tests with various ECCO initial fields indicate that the correct relationship between intensity and D26 cannot be derived because D26 variability is underestimated in ECCO. A series of idealized experiments is carried out by modifying initial ECCO D26 to match the observed range. A more reasonable relationship between Katrina’s intensity and pre-storm D26 emerges: the intensity is much more sensitive to D26 than to sea surface temperature (SST). Ocean mixed layer process plays a critical role in modulating inner-core SSTs when D26 is deep, reducing mixed layer cooling and lowering the center pressure of the Katrina. Our result lends strong support to the notion that accurate initialization of pre-storm subsurface thermal structure in prediction models is critical for a skillful forecast of intensity of Katrina and likely other intense storms.     

Investigation on semi-direct and indirect climate effects of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol over China

A Regional Climate Chemistry Modeling System that employed empirical parameterizations of aerosol-cloud microphysics was applied to investigate the spatial distribution, radiative forcing (RF), and climate effects of black carbon (BC) over China. Results showed high levels of BC in Southwest, Central, and East China, with maximum surface concentrations, column burden, and optical depth (AOD) up to 14 μg?m^?3, 8 mg?m^?2, and 0.11, respectively. Black carbon was found to result in a positive RF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to its direct effect while a negative RF due to its indirect effect. The regional-averaged direct and indirect RF of BC in China was about +0.81 and ?0.95 W?m^?2, respectively, leading to a net RF of ?0.15 W?m^?2 at the TOA. The BC indirect RF was larger than its direct RF in South China. Due to BC absorption of solar radiation, cloudiness was decreased by 1.33 %, further resulting in an increase of solar radiation and subsequently a surface warming over most parts of China, which was opposite to BC’s indirect effect. Further, the net effect of BC might cause a decrease of precipitation of ?7.39 % over China. Investigations also suggested large uncertainties and non-linearity in BC’s indirect effect on regional climate. Results suggested that: (a) changes in cloud cover might be more affected by BC’s direct effect, while changes in surface air temperature and precipitation might be influenced by BC’s indirect effect; and (b) BC second indirect effect might have more influence on cloud cover and water content compared to first indirect effect. This study highlighted a substantial role of BC on regional climate changes.     

An analytical proof on certain determinants connected with the collinear central configurations in the n-body problem

In this paper we give a short analytical proof of the inequalities proved by Albouy–Moeckel through computer algebra, in the cases $n=5$ and $n=6$ . These inequalities guarantee that, in the $n$ -body problem, the family of mass vectors making a given collinear configuration a central configuration is 2-dimensional. The induction techniques here may be used to prove the inequalities for general $n$ with more subtle estimation but currently the inequalities still remains unproved for $n\ge 7$ .     

Eutectic metal + troilite + Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphate + Al‐free chromite assemblage in shock‐produced chondritic melt of the Yanzhuang chondrite

An assemblage with FeNi metal, troilite, Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphate, and Al‐free chromite was identified in the metal‐troilite eutectic nodules in the shock‐produced chondritic melt of the Yanzhuang H6 meteorite. Electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopic analyses show that a few phosphate globules have the composition of Na‐bearing graftonite (Fe_,Mn,Na)₃(PO₄)₂, whereas most others correspond to Mn‐bearing galileiite Na(Fe,Mn)₄(PO₄)₃ and a possible new phosphate phase of Na₂(Fe,Mn)₁₇(PO₄)₁₂ composition. The Yanzhuang meteorite was shocked to a peak pressure of 50 GPa and a peak temperature of approximately 2000 °C. All minerals were melted after pressure release to form a chondritic melt due to very high postshock heat that brought the chondrite material above its liquidus. The volatile elements P and Na released from whitlockite and plagioclase along with elements Cr and Mn released from chromite are concentrated into the shock‐produced Fe‐Ni‐S‐O melt at high temperatures. During cooling, microcrystalline olivine and pyroxene first crystallized from the chondritic melt, metal‐troilite eutectic intergrowths, and silicate melt glass finally solidified at about 950–1000 °C. On the other hand, P, Mn, and Na in the Fe‐Ni‐S‐O melt combined with Fe and crystallized as Fe‐Mn‐Na phosphates within troilite, while Cr combined with Fe and crystallized as Al‐free chromite also within troilite.     

西天山海西中期花岗岩的地质特征及其构造环境

海西中期花岗岩是西天山加里东褶皱带内规模最大的一次岩浆活动。本文从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学和地球化学等方面对该期花岗岩的成因类型、岩浆起源和形成的构造环境进行了探讨，认为海西中期花岗岩以Ｉ型为主，Ｓ型次之，在空间上成对分布，花岗岩浆起源于地壳；海西中期花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘岛孤环境．     

杨桃果脯的护色保形工艺研究

研究了杨桃果片在不同护色液中、不同护色条件下的护色效果 ,及其在不同保脆保形液中的保脆保形效果。结果表明 ,1.7mol LNaCl水溶液腌制、护色 ,0 .0 90mol LCaCl2 + 0 .34mol LNaCl水溶液保脆保形效果较好。     

Integrated Indicators-based Gradation of Cultivated Land Quality in Mountainous Region of Southwestern China

1 Introduction The gradation of cultivated land is to assess the suitability of cultivated land for agricultural production in terms of natural and economic prop-erties of land (Feng et al. 2004). It can be used to evaluate sustainability of land use and …