How Well Does Chlorophyll Explain the Seasonal Variation in Phytoplankton Activity?

The seasonal variation in phytoplankton activity is determined by analysing 1385 primary production (PP) profiles, chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration profiles and phytoplankton carbon biomass concentrations (C) from the period 1998–2012. The data was collected at six different stations in the Baltic Sea transition zone (BSTZ) which is a location with strong seasonal production patterns with light as the key parameter controlling this productivity. We show that the use of Chl as a proxy for phytoplankton activity strongly overestimates the contribution from the spring production to annual pelagic carbon flow. Spring (February and March) Chl comprised 16–30% of the total annual Chl produced, whereas spring C was much lower (8–23%) compared to the annual C. Spring PP accounted for 10–18% of the total annual PP, while the July–August production contributed 26–33%, i.e. within the time frame when zooplankton biomass and grazing pressure are highest. That is, Chl failed in this study to reflect the importance of the high summer PP. A better proxy for biomass may be C, which correlated well with the seasonal pattern of PP (Pearson correlation, p < 0.05). Thus, this study suggests to account for the strong seasonal pattern in C/Chl ratios when considering carbon flow in coastal systems. Seasonal data for PP were fitted to a simple sinusoidal wave model describing the seasonal distribution of PP in the BSTZ and were proposed to present a better parameterizaton of PP in shallow stratified temperate regions than more commonly applied proxies.     

Geochemical changes across the Ordovician-Silurian transition on the Yangtze Platform,South China

The trace element and rare earth element (REE) variations across the Ordovician-Silurian succession are presented from two outcrop sections on the Yangtze Platform: the Nanbazi section, Guizhou Province, deposited in a shallow platform interior setting, and the Wangjiawan section, Hubei Province, deposited in a deeper basinal environment. Geochemical analysis of closely spaced samples through three intervals, the Wufeng, Guanyinqiao and Longmaxi, revealed vast palaeoceanographic changes. Some geochemical proxies, including Th/U, Ni/Co, V/Cr, and V/(V+Ni) ratios, together with sedimentary facies and biotic data, indicate that an anoxic condition on the most of the Yangtze Platform during the Wufeng and Longmaxi intervals, but an oxic condition during the Guanyinqiao time. The shift of the anoxic to the oxic environment during the Guanyinqiao time coincided with a global sea-level lowstand, in parallel with the global glaciation. The Longmaxian anoxic environment was a result of a global sea-level rise, which may be synchronized with a mainly catastrophic event in the latest Ordovician. Although the two sections generally show similar variation patterns of trace and REE concentrations and some element ratios, a minor difference occurs between the Wangjiawan and Nanbazi sections, likely reflecting a difference in depositional setting during the accumulation. Such an oceanic oxygen-level variation may add a useful constraint to the current arguments on the cause and consequence of the latest Ordovician mass extinction. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422101)     

The Disruption Index (DI) as a tool to measure disaster mitigation strategies

Apart from the loss of lives, injuries and homeless resulting from an earthquake, not only the economy and physical landscape are altered, but also the lives of citizens and their places of work are dramatically altered. If critical services and functions are disrupted for more than a reasonable time period, consequences can be severe. All communities are at risk and face potential disaster, if unprepared. The Disruption Index (DI) is a tool that allows the representation of a complex and multidimensional situation in a concise and easier way, providing institutions and communities with a way to identify the global earthquake impact in a geographical area, the elements at risk, and the means to reduce it. In the present paper, after a short review of the concept of DI, its geographic (spatial) distribution is developed and an application to some cities in Algarve (Portugal) is made. Then, the use of DI in the context of measuring the risk reduction for alternative disaster mitigation strategies is introduced and illustrations are presented.     

非常规油气地质学理论技术及实践

形成非常规油气地质学理论技术,引领油气工业从常规到非常规,进源找油,是世界油气勘探开发形势发展和科学研究持续推进的必然趋势.研究团队紧密结合中国特殊地质背景和油气工业条件,经过10余年不懈攻关,构建了非常规细粒沉积学、非常规油气储层地质学、非常规油气成藏地质学、非常规油气开发地质学和常规-非常规油气有序“共生富集”发展战略等学科内容,集成了非常规油气关键实验技术、勘探评价技术、开发工程技术和常规-非常规油气勘探开发关键技术,基本形成了非常规油气地质学理论技术体系框架.从常规油气的“源控论”到非常规油气的“源储共生系统”,深刻认识到源岩层系及与其大面积紧密接触的致密储集层系中可以聚集巨量工业油气资源.非常规油气地质学理论技术,引领推动了非常规油气地质学科发展、关键技术研发、国家标准制定、国家实验室建设和专业人才培养,有效推进了我国致密油和气、页岩油和气等非常规油气资源的工业勘探开发,截至2022年底,中国非常规油气产量超过1×108 t油当量,约占油气总产量28%,其中非常规气约占天然气总量的41%,非常规油约占石油总量的17%.油气不可再生,但非常规油气革命可延长油气工业的生命,持续强化理论、技术和管理“三个创新”的深度融合,努力实现地下原位加热低熟页岩转化油气、地下原位加热富油煤岩转化油气和地下原位压裂脆性页岩层系产出油气“三个地下革命”的颠覆创新,不断推动以鄂尔多斯盆地为代表的超级能源盆地化石能源与新能源的协同发展,塑造碳中和下中国式超级能源盆地“油气与新能源”融合发展模式,非常规油气革命支撑油气工业可持续发展,力推实现中国“能源独立”.     

Three-dimensional sedimentary architecture of Quaternary sand and gravel resources: a case study of economic sedimentology (SW Germany)

Quaternary sands and gravels form important, yet often highly heterogeneous economic deposits. Detailed 3-D analysis of the sedimentary structure and stratigraphy of these deposits allows for an accurate estimation of exploitable material. This paper presents a case study in SW Germany reconstructing the 3-D distribution of glacial sediments based on a high-resolution, process-orientated sedimentary facies classification and lithostratigraphy integrated within the geo-modelling package gOcad. Situated along the maximal ice-extent of the Rhine glacier during the last glaciation, the study area is characterised by a morphologically prominent terminal moraine and its associated sandur, which form the stratigraphically youngest sediments of a glacial basin, partially exposed in two gravel pits. These outcrops helped to reconstruct the complex sedimentary architecture of the northern part of the glacial basin. The regional analysis is based on core data, as well as geoelectric and geomagnetic surveys. All data were integrated into km-scale, high-resolution geological 3-D models, depicting the large-scale dynamics of multiple glacier advances and retreats during the Early to Late Pleistocene. These models allow quantifying the thickness and volume distribution of exploitable sandy gravel and help to evaluate the occurrence of non-exploitable interbedded diamicton horizons. The high quality and quantity of gravels particularly north of the terminal moraine classifies the investigated area as very prospective for raw materials exploitation in the future.     

Linking biogeochemical processes and historic primary producer communities in a SE USA sinkhole lake from the mid-Holocene to present

Many freshwater resources receive materials from human development causing a decrease in ecological services when compared to pre-disturbance periods. As a result, the understanding of eutrophication and limnological change has increased, but less attention has been given to systems under intense human impact that have not eutrophied so that drivers precluding eutrophication can be documented. The primary objective of this research was to reconstruct allochthonous inputs and in-lake processes for Long Pond, Georgia, USA from the mid Holocene to present and link them to primary producer community changes. Long Pond is a mesotrophic lake located in a highly altered watershed from agricultural and municipal land use and housing developments. A 5 m sediment core was collected from Long Pond, and organic matter, nutrients (C, N, P), metals (Al, Fe, Cu), and photosynthetic pigments were measured. Long Pond existed in three limnological states spanning the past ~6000 years. Prior to modern lacustrine conditions, Long Pond was a wetland/peat system that experienced the highest primary producer abundance recorded in the core. The modern lacustrine state began in the late Holocene and was characterized by increased connectivity with the surrounding watershed and low productivity. Human impacts began around 1900 AD and included high levels of phosphorus and metal deposition but moderate levels of primary producer abundance. As a result, in-lake dynamics are believed to be regulating the trophic status of Long Pond. Low concentrations of available phosphorus in the water column combined with high concentrations of sedimentary phosphorus may imply the binding of phosphorus to the sediments by certain materials such as aluminum and iron. Long Pond serves as an example of the complex in-lake processes that can occur from allochthonous inputs and autochthonous responses in lake systems thus complicating management decisions.     

上海地区强对流天气短时预报系统

以强对流天气的发生、发展规律为依据,从中尺度数值预报模式输出结果、Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ天气雷达、静止气象卫星、ＭＩＣＡＰＳ系统和自动雨量站网等获取大气运动的各种尺度动力条件、水汽条件、大气稳定度和触发机制,各种天气实况等动态变化资料,结合预报员经验,建立了“上海地区强对流天气短时预报系统”（以下简称“预报系统”）,预报系统产品包括强对流天气的形势分析、０～１２ｈ展望预报、０～３ｈ滚动预报及警报。预报系统     

Biosorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution onto <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hydrilla verticillata</Emphasis>

Biosorption is an effective method to remove heavy metals from wastewater. In this work, the biosorption of Cd(II) onto Hydrilla verticillata was examined in aqueous solution with parameters of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial Cd(II) concentration, temperature, and co-existing ion. Linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms, and both of the two models were fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity of Cd(II) was found to be 50 mg/g at pH 6 and 20°C. Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model was also applied to the equilibrium data. The mean free energy of adsorption (11.18 kJ/mol) indicated that the adsorption of Cd(II) onto H. verticillata might be carried out via chemical ion-exchange mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters, including free energy (∆G ⁰), enthalpy (∆H ⁰), and entropy (∆S ⁰) of adsorption, were also calculated. These results showed that the biosorption of Cd(II) onto H. verticillata was a feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic process in nature. Desorption experiments indicated that 0.01 mol/L EDTA and HNO₃ were efficient desorbents for the recovery of Cd(II) from biomass. IR spectrum analysis suggested that amido, hydroxyl, C=O and C–O could combine strongly with Cd(II). EDX spectrum analysis suggested that an ion exchange mechanism might be involved.     

CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS ON IMAGES OF JIANGXI PROVINCE AS A TOURIST DESTINATION

1IN T R O D U C T IO NAn image isa setofbelief,s ideasand impressionsthatapersonholdsaboutan object(KOTLER,1991).Similar-lydefinitionistheimage of a destinationas thesum ofbelief,sideasand impressionsthatpeoplehave ofa placeor destination(CROMPTON,1979;KO…