Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22000 years

The energy budgets of the ocean play a crucial role in the analysis of climate change. Potential temperature is traditionally used as a conservative quantity to express variations associated with "heat"in oceanography, such as the heat content and heat transport. However, potential temperature is usually not conserved during turbulent mixing, so the use of conservative temperature is more accurate. Based on climatological simulations under the modern and Last Glacial Maximum(LGM; ～21 ka; ka=thousand years ago), as well as a transient climate simulation of the past 22 000 years, we quantify the errors induced by the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature in paleo-climate research for the first time. The temperature error reaches 0.9°C near the coasts af fected by river discharges but is much smaller in the open oceans, typically 0.03°C above the main thermocline and less than 0.01°C elsewhere. The error of the ocean heat content(OHC) is roughly 3×10 22 J and is relatively steady over the past 22 000 years. However, the OHC increases to six times the original value during the last glacial termination from 20 ka to 7 ka. As a result, the relative OHC error decreases from 1.2% in the LGM climate to 0.14% in the modern climate. The error of the ocean meridional heat transport(OMHT) is generally smaller than 0.005 PW(1 PW=10 15 W),with very small temporal variations(typically 0.000 4 PW), and induces a relative OMHT error of typically0.3% over the past 22 000 years. Therefore, the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature induces a relative error of generally less than 1% in the analyses of basin-scale climate variations.     

中国干线公路网络联结的城市通达性

以"最短路径模型"为基础,选取距离与时间两个特征指标以及联结两者的速度指标,分析了目前中国国家干线公路网络联结的城市通达性空间格局。结果显示,国家干线公路网络联结的城市呈现明显的"核心-外围"模式,通达性最高的50个城市集中分布在东部的中部地区,通达性最低的50个城市散布在西北、西南、东北等外围地区;通达性空间格局呈现同心圈层结构,由最优区域向外逐渐降低;国家干线公路网络联结的城市通达性空间格局具有显著的边界效应,在不同的速度状态下呈现波状形态变化;国家干线公路网络中行车速度从60~80 km/h的城市通达性变化显著大于80~100 km/h的城市通达性变化;120 km/h时速下,8小时以内每个城市连接的城市数量平均为33个,联结数量最多的城市集中分布在东部,平均每个城市可联结数量为70个,联结数量最少的城市分布在西北、西南、东北、东南,平均每个城市可联结数量为6个。未来国家干线公路网络除继续建设外,行车速度的提高将大大影响城市通达性的变化。     

Research on the Global Warming Hiatus

A global warming “hiatus” has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century despite the increase in heat-trapping greenhouse gases, challenging the current global warming studies. Focusing on the phenomena and mechanisms of the global warming “hiatus”, the National Key Research Program of China launched a project in July, 2016. The main research themes of this project cover: ①Revealing the spatial and temporal variability of the global warming hiatus, and quantifying the contributions of external forcing and internal (natural) variability, respectively; ②Revealing the role of the atmosphere in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ③Revealing the role of the ocean in the global heat and energy redistribution under global warming hiatus; ④Investigating the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The key scientific issues to be resolved include: ①Identifying characteristics of the global warming hiatus and discerning the roles of decadal, multi-decadal oscillations; ②Revealing the role of ocean-atmosphere dynamical processes in the global redistribution of heat and energy; ③Understanding the predictability of the global warming hiatus. The research aims to predict the future development of the global warming hiatus, and to point out the possible impacts on China and other important areas, including “The Belt and Road” core area and the Polar Regions.     

Co-variation of the surface wind speed and the sea surface temperature over mesoscale eddies in the Gulf Stream region:momentum vertical mixing aspect

The co-variation of surface wind speed and sea surface temperature (SST) over the Gulf Stream frontal region is investigated using high-resolution satellite measurements and atmospheric reanalysis data. Results show that the pattern of positive SST-surface wind speed correlations is anchored by strong SST gradient and marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) height front, with active warm and cold-ocean eddies around. The MABL has an obvious transitional structure along the strong SST front, with greater (lesser) heights over the north (south) side. The significant positive SST-surface wind-speed perturbation correlations are mostly found over both strong warm and cold eddies. The surface wind speed increases (decreases) about 0.32 (0.41) m/s and the MABL elevates (drops) approximate 55 (54) m per 1℃ of SST perturbation induced by warm (cold) eddies. The response of the surface wind speed to SST perturbations over the mesoscale eddies is mainly attributed to the momentum vertical mixing in the MABL, which is confirmed by the linear relationships between the downwind (crosswind) SST gradient and wind divergence (curl).     

Preparation and Structural Investigation of CuCl2 Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Superfine graphite powder was prepared by bali-milling exfoliated graphite containing anhydrous CuCl_2 in planetary ball milling systems.Nano-scale CuCl_2 graphite intercalation compounds were synthesized by heating a mixture of anhydrous CuCl_2 and graphite nanosheets. Scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructures of stage-1 nano-scale CuCl_2 graphite intercalation compounds.The structure and components of the domain wall and core in the nano-scale CuCl_2 graphite intercalation compounds are described.The results show that the content of CuCl_2 in the mixture plays a crucial role in the size of the nano-scale CuCl_2 graphite intercalation compound.     

Seasonal variability of Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan Island as revealed by self-organizing map

The self-organizing map method is applied to satellite-derived sea-level anomaly fields of 1993-2012 to study variations of the Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan Island. Four major features are revealed, showing significant seasonal variability of the intrusion. In general, the intrusion increases （decreases） with a high （low） sea-level anomaly at the edge of the East China Sea shelf in winter （summer）. Open-ocean mesoscale eddies play an additional role in modulating the seasonal variation of the intrusion. Further analyses are needed to study eddy-Kuroshio interaction dynamics.     

河西走廊入口区下垫面对沙尘天气影响的模拟研究

在利用常规观测资料统计分析2000—2011年和沙尘天气多发年河西走廊入口区代表站点春季风速分布特征的基础上,采用区域气候模式（Regcm4.3.5.6）和欧洲中心更新的4DVar同化的ERA-interim资料,分析了河西走廊入口区下垫面类型改变对2007年4月13日一次沙尘天气过程的影响。结果表明：沙尘暴爆发时,河西走廊为风速大值区,风速8～10 m·s^-1;区域气候模式模拟的沙尘特征量与站点观测的沙尘天气分布对比发现,模拟的沙尘区的发展变化能较好地表征这次沙尘天气过程的变化;河西走廊入口区植被由沙漠改为落叶阔叶林后,发生沙尘天气时该地区风速有所减小,减小平均值为3 m·s^-1,且风速越大,减小越明显。不同粒径沙尘的起沙率和沙尘粒子柱含量对下垫面类型改变的响应有所不同,减小量最大分别达到-50 mg·m^-2·d^-1和-50 mg·m^-2,0.01～5.0 μm粒径沙尘减小范围和强度相差不大,5.0～20 μm粒径沙尘由于粒径最大减小最明显,由于模式中考虑的2.5～5.0 μm粒径沙尘在大气中所占比例小,减小量级和范围最弱。改变下垫面类型使得起沙率和沙尘粒子柱含量在沙尘天气最强时刻减少最显著。     

Application of ultrasonic CT method in nondestructive detection of interior defects in large scale concrete structural member of bridge

The ultrasonic computed tomography （USCT） method is derived from the basic principles of X-ray section scanning. This method records the arriving times of ultrasonic wave between the probes and the sources to ealculate the elastic wave velocity values in the section using the arrival times. Through analyzed the distribution Of elastic wave velocity in aim area, the information of the strength and the homogeneity of the investigated zone could be got indirectly. The authors introduced the operational principle of USCT and a practical case of using this method to detect the interior defects in large scale concrete structural member. Compared with other exploration methods, this method is more efficient and accurate.     

Application of TSD tunnel seismic prediction system in karst area

TSD is one of the classical methods of tunnel seismic prediction based on higher accuracy multi-wave multi-component seismology. The working principle of the TSD and an application example of the TSD on tunnel prediction in Chongqing are introduced in this paper. This system has two ports for speed signal and acceleration signal, and the equipment is more portable and easy to use. According to the application results we can conclude that the TSD prediction system is accurate and it has the wide application prospect in tunnel seismic detection.     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.